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Washington DC, June 2019 State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019The preparation of this report was led by the World Bank, with the support of Navigant and with contributions from the International Carbon Action Partnership. The World Bank team responsible for drafting and reviewing this report was composed of Cline Ramstein, Goran Dominioni and Sanaz Ettehad. The Navigant team included Long Lam, Maurice Quant, Jialiang Zhang, Louis Mark, Sam Nierop, Tom Berg, Paige Leuschner, Cara Merusi, Nomie Klein and Ian Trim. The report benefited greatly from the valuable contributions and perspectives of our colleagues in the climate and carbon finance community, who have ensured the quality and clarity of this report Johannes Ackva, William Acworth, Erik van Andel, Nicolette Bartlett, Daron Bedrosyan, Daniel Besley, Tanguy de Bienassis, Simon Black, Elliot Bourgeault, David Brock, Nigel Burns, Dallas Burtraw, Mercedita Garcia Cano, Marcos Castro Rodriguez, Chen Zhibin, Monica Crippa, Kurt Van Dender, Timila Dhakhwa, Ana Maria Dias, Chandni Dinakaran, Luisa Dressler, Assia Elgouacem, Dominik Englert, Thomas Erb, Vctor Escalona, Susana Escria, Eduardo Ferreira, Florens Flues, Moa Forstorp, Harikumar Gadde, Christophe de Gouvello, Stefany Gutu, Stephane Hallegatte, Dirk Heine, Dafei Huang, Marius Kaiser, Angela Churie Kallhauge, Junaed Khan, Kim Seoyi, Matt King, Lai Han, Liu Ying, Emdio Lopes, Vincent Marcus, Taisei Matsuki, Wataru Matsumura, Laura Merrill, Rachel Mok, Klaus Oppermann, Shibani Pandey, Ian Parry, Sbastien Postic, Neeraj Prasad, Venkata Putti, Barry Rabe, Jeanette Ramirez, Smita Rana, Suneira Rana, Stephanie Rogers, Germn Romero, Steven Rose, Isabel Saldarriaga Arango, Lourdes Sanchez, Marissa Santikarn, Chandra Shekhar Sinha, Jason James Smith, William Space, Sandhya Srinivasan, Kensuke Suda, Nuyi Tao, Erin Taylor, Jonas Teusch, Massamba Thioye, Michael Toman, John Ward, Peter Zapfel, Environment and Climate Change Canada, and Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea. We also acknowledge support from the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, the Partnership for Market Readiness, CDP, and the Institute for Climate Economics for the preparation of this report. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 Washington DC, June 2019 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000; Internet www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 22 21 20 19 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of cutive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Cover and interior design Meike Naumann Visuelle KommunikationEvery year this report presents the latest developments in carbon pricing around the world. Every year the impacts of climate change feel more immediate and daunting, this year even more so than usual as extreme weather and numerous scientific reports have started screaming at us. Overall, while we see some encouraging trends, action on carbon pricing is nowhere near where it should be it still covers only a small part of global emissions at prices too low to significantly reduce emissions. First, this report reveals a mixed bag. A growing number of jurisdictions are implementing or planning to implement a carbon tax or an emission trading systema total of 57 initiatives compared to 51 in 2018 and this number is set to grow, according to countries’ climate pledges. Most of this action has taken place in the Americas, and particularly in Canada where the federal carbon pricing approach has prompted new initiatives at the provincial level. Important developments have also occurred in other parts of the world with new carbon taxes in Singapore and South Africathe first carbon pricing instrument implemented in Africaand new initiatives explored in Colombia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Senegal, Ukraine, and Vietnam. But is it enough Here again, the evidence is clear. Only 20 percent of global GHG emissions are covered by a carbon price and less than 5 percent of those are currently priced at levels consistent with reaching the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Swift action is needed carbon pricing is the most effective way to reduce emissions and all jurisdictions must go further and faster in using carbon pricing policies as part of their climate policy packages. Second, while the direction of travel seems clear, the implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms can sometimes be more difficult than anticipated. In the past year, we witnessed social unrest in part related to carbon pricing initiatives. These events highlight how criticaland often difficultit is to gain and maintain public support for carbon pricing policies. Building on decades of experience in carbon pricing, we have come to learn the vital importance of taking a comprehensive approach. Carefully planning for the design and implementation of these policies entails, for example, including all stakeholders and having clear communication strategies in place early on that focus on local co-benefits, how the revenues will be used, and on measures that prevent adverse impacts falling on the poorest households. At the World Bank Group, we are supporting countries as they explore carbon pricing through our programs offering analytics, technical assistance, and fora to share their own experiences. Third, this year’s report goes beyond its traditional focus on explicit carbon pricing and, for the first time, also looks at implicit carbon pricing. Many countries are already implicitly pricing carbon through other policies, such as fuel taxes or fossil fuel subsidies res. Taking this wider view will allow us to obtain a more transparent view of the real price applied to carbon emissions, to utilize a wider portfolio of instruments to drive climate action, and to strengthen the ability to overcome implementation challenges. Going forward, we will continue to expand these analyses in order to provide a more comprehensive picture of, and advice on, countries’ efforts on carbon pricing and getting incentives right to reduce emissions. Finally, the Article 6 of the Paris Agreement offers a major opportunity to lower the costs of mitigation action and enable higher climate ambition. While the implementation Article 6 and its rules are not yet clarified, several pilot programs have started, some of which are being supported by the World Bank, that can enable us to test design options and identify challenges and innovative solutions. Pricing carbon pollution is a crucial tool for driving investment and action in the right direction. Getting our prices right, and doing it now, is key to achieving climate and development goals. John Roome, Senior Director, Climate Change Group, World Bank Foreword 3List of abbreviations and acronyms A ADB Asian Development Bank B BAU Business-as-usual BNDES The Brazilian development bank C C Degrees Celsius CAR Clean Air Rule CARB California Air Resources Board CCIR Carbon Competitive Incentive Regulation CDM Clean Development Mechanism CER Certified Emission Reduction CO 2 Carbon dioxide CO 2 e Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of the Parties CORSIA Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CPLC Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition D DRC Democratic Republic of Congo E EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ECR Emissions Containment Reserve EIB European Investment Bank ERF Emissions Reduction Fund ERPA Emissions reduction purchasing agreements ESRAF Energy Subsidy Re Assessment Framework ETS Emissions Trading System EU European Union EUA European Union Allowance EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading System F FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FSB Financial Stability Board G GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GGPPA Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act GHG Greenhouse gas GtCO 2 e Gigaton of carbon dioxide equivalent I ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation IMO International Maritime Organization INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITMO Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome J JCM Joint Crediting Mechanism K KtCO 2 e Kiloton of carbon dioxide equivalent 4M MDB Multilateral development bank MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MSR Market stability reserve MtCO 2 e Megaton of carbon dioxide equivalent N NACAP Nitric Acid Climate Auctions Program NACAG The Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NZ ETS New Zealand Emissions Trading System O OBPS Output-Based Pricing System OECD Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development P PMR Partnership for Market Readiness PSS Perance Standards System R RBCF Results-based Climate Finance REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation including sustainable forest management, conservation of forests, and enhancement of carbon sinks RGGI Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative S SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices SGER Specified Gas Emitters Regulation T t Ton note that, unless specified otherwise, ton in this report refers to a metric ton 1,000 kg TCAF Transative Carbon Asset Facility TCDF Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures TCI Transportation and Climate Initiative tCO 2 Ton of carbon dioxide tCO 2 e Ton of carbon dioxide equivalent U UK United Kingdom UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States W WCI Western Climate Initiative 5Table of contents Foreword List of abbreviations and acronyms cutive summary 3. International carbon pricing initiatives 1. Introduction 2. Regional, national, and subnational carbon pricing initiatives 2.1 Global overview of carbon pricing initiatives 2.2 Detailed overview of carbon pricing initiatives 2.3 Recent developments, emerging and future trends 4. Internal carbon pricing 5. Looking beyond explicit carbon pricing 5.1 Explicit and implicit carbon pricing 5.2 Fossil fuel subsidies and fuel taxes as implicit carbon pricing 5.3 The relevance of implicit carbon pricing for explicit carbon pricing policies Annex I, Exchange rates Annex II, Detailed overview of carbon pricing initiatives in the canadian provinces and territories Annex III, NDC table 3 4 52 64 18 8 20 21 29 47 80 81 86 68 69 70 76 6Summary map of regional, national and subnational carbon pricing initiatives implemented, scheduled for implementation and under consideration ETS and carbon tax Regional, national and subnational carbon pricing initiatives share of global emissions covered Prices in implemented carbon pricing initiatives Carbon price, share of emissions covered and carbon pricing revenues of implemented carbon pricing initiatives Sectoral coverage and GHG emissions covered by carbon pricing initiatives implemented or scheduled for implementation, with sectoral coverage and GHG emissions covered Summary map of regional, national and subnational carbon pricing initiatives implemented, scheduled for implementation and under consideration ETS and carbon tax Regional, national and subnational carbon pricing initiatives share of global emissions covered Prices in implemented carbon pricing initiatives Carbon price and emissions coverage of implemented carbon pricing initiatives Carbon price, share of emissions covered and carbon pricing revenues of implemented carbon pricing initiatives Summary map of key carbon pricing developments in the Canadian provinces and territories Cumulative trading volume and value of the Chinese ETS pilots in 2018 Sectoral coverage and GHG emissions covered by carbon pricing initiatives implemented or scheduled for implementation, with sectoral coverage and GHG emissions covered Status of NDC subm
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