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WMO statement on the status of the global climate in 2011WMO-No. 1085WMO in collaboration with Members issues since 1993 annual statements on the status of the global climate. This publication was issuenullin collaboration with the nullanulllenullnullentre of the nullnullMeteorological Ofnullcenull nullnitenull nullingnullm of nullreat nullritain annull Northern nullrelannullnull the nulllimatic nullesearch nullnit nullnullnullnullnullnull nullninullersitnullof nullast nullnglianull nitenull ingnullomnullthe nulllimate nullrenulliction nullenter nullnullnullnullnullnullthe National nulllimatic nullta nullenter nullNnullnullnullnullnull the National nullnnullironmental nullatellitenull nullatanull annull nullnation nullernullice nullNnullnullnullnullnullnullnull the National nullurricane nullenter nullNnullnullnull annull the National Weather nullernullice nullNWnullnull of the National Oceanic annull nulltmospheric nullnullministration nullNOnullnullnullnull nullnitenull nulltates of nullmericanull the nullonullnullarnull nullnstitute for nullpace nulltunullies nullnullnullnullnullnull operatenullbnull the National nulleronautics annull nullpace nullnullministration nullNnullnullnullnullnull nullnitenull nulltatesnull the National nullnow annull nullce nullata nullenter nullNnullnullnullnull nullnitenull nulltatesnull the nulluropean nullentre for Menullium-nullange Weather nullorecasts nullnullnullMWnullnullnullnullnitenull ingnullomnullthe nulllobal nullrecipitation nulllimatolognull entre nullnullnullnullnullnullnull ermannullnullannullthe nullrtmouth nullloonullObsernulltornullnull nullnitenull nulltates. Other contributors are the National Meteorological annull nullnullnullrological nullernullices or enulluinullalent climate institutions of nullrgentinanull nullrmenianull nullustralianull nullustrianull nullelarusnull nullelgiumnull nullranullilnullnullulgarianull nullurnullina nullasonull nullananullanull nullhinanull nullolombianull nullroatianull nullnullprusnull nullnullech nullepublicnull nullenmarnullnull nullstonianullnullinullinull inlannullnull rancenull eorgianull ermannullnull reecenull ungarnullnull celannullnull nnullianull nnullonesianull relannullnull sraelnull talnullnullnullapannull nullornullannull nullennullanull nullatnullianull nullebanonnull nullithuanianull nullunullembourgnull Malanullsianull Mauritiusnull Menulliconull MontenegronullMorocconullNamibianullNetherlannullsnullNew nullealannullnullNorwanullnull anullistannull anamanull olannullnull ortugalnull epublic of nulloreanull epublic of Molnullonullanull omanianull ussian nullenullerationnull erbianull ingaporenull lonullanullianull lonullenianull outh nullfricanull nullpainnull nullwenullennull nullwitnullerlannullnull Thailannullnull the er nullugoslanull nullepublic of Macenullnianull Tunisianull Turnullenullnullnullnullrainenull nullnitenull nullingnullomnull nullnitenull nullepublic of Tannullanianull nullnitenull nulltatesnull annull nullenenulluela nullnullolinullarian nullepublic ofnull. The WMO nullegional nullssociation nullnull nullnulluropenull nullegional nulllimate nullentre on nulllimate Monitoringnull the nullfrican nullentre of Meteorological nullpplications for nullenullelopment nullnullnullMnullnullnullNiamenullnullnullthe nullnternational nullesearch nullentre on nulll Ninullo nullnullnullnullnullnullNnull uanullanulluilnullnullcuanullornullnullthe nullntergonullernmental nulluthoritnullon nullenullelopment nullnullnullnullnullnullnulllimate nullrenulliction annull pplications nullentre nullnullnullnullnullnullnullNairobinullnullthe nulllobal nulltmosphere Watch nullnullnullWnullannullthe Worlnullnulllimate nullesearch nullrogramme nullWnullnullnullnullalso contributenull.WMO-No. 1085© World Meteorological Organization, 2012The right of publication in printnull electronic annull annull other annull in annull language is resernullenull bnull WMO. nullhort enulltracts from WMO publications manull be repronullucenull without authorinullationnull pronullinullenull that the complete source is clearlnull innullicatenull. nullnullitorial corresponnullence annull renulluests to publishnull repronulluce or translate this publication in part or in whole shoulnull be anullnullressenull tonullnullhairnullnullublications nulloarnullWorlnullMeteorological Organinullation nullWMOnullnullbisnullanullenue nulle la nullainull Tel.nullnullnull1 null0nullnullnullnull30 8null03null.O. nullonullnull300 nullanullnullnullnull1 null0nullnullnullnull30 80 null0nullnull-1null11 nullenenulla nullnullnullwitnullerlannull null-mailnullpublicationsnullwmo.intnullnullnullN 9null8-9null-null3-11085-5NOTnullThe nullesignations emplonullenull in WMO publications annull the presentation of material in this publication nullo not implnull the enullpression of annullopinion whatsoenuller on the part of the nullecretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of annull countrnullnull territornullnull citnull or areanull or of its authoritiesnull or concerning the nullelimitation of its frontiers or bounnullries.Opinions enullpressenull in WMO publications are those of the authors annull nullo not necessarilnull renullect those of WMO. The mention of specinullc companies or pronullucts nulloes not implnull that thenull are ennullorsenull or recommennullenull bnull WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentionenull or anullnullertisenull.nullonullernullnullnullrop more. nullllustration bnullnulliana nullarolina nullinonullosa nullampananull15 nullears olnullnullnullcuanullor 1ForewordThe annual “WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate” series has continued to gain in popularity since its initiation in 1993 by the World Meteorological Organinullationnullthrough its Commission for Climatologynull and in cooperation nullith its 1null9 Membersnull The series stands today as an internationally recnullogninulled authoritatinulle source of ination for the scientinullc communitynullthe media and the public at largenullThe present WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2011 is the latest addition to this successful seriesnullnulllthough global mean surface temperatures in nullnull11 did not reach the recordnullsetting lenullels of nullnull1nullnullthey nullere nenullertheless the highest obsernulled in a nulla nullinulla yearnull null number of climate enulltremesnull in particular precipitation enulltremesnullnullere recorded around the nullorldnull Many of the enulltremes associated nullith one of the stronnullgest nulla nullnulla enullents of the past nullnullyears had manullor impacts nullorldnullidenullSigninullcant nullood nulling nullas recorded in many placesnullthe most senullere in Southnullnullast nullianull nullhich caused about 1 nullnullnulldeathsnull hile a manullor drought in nullast nullfrica led to a humanitarian disasternullnullrctic sea ice continued its declining trend nullith an enulltent falling to nearnullrecordnulllonull lenullelsnull nullespite belonullnullanullerage global tropical cyclone actinullnullitynull the nullnited States of nullmerica enullperienced one of its most destructinulle tornado seasons on recordnullThe year nullnull11 nullill be remembered as the year in nullhich the Sinullteenth World Meteorological Congress focused on the launching of the implementation of the Global nullramenullornullfor Climate SernullicesnullThis initiatinulle opens a nenullera in helping nations to access impronulled climate data and sernullicesnull particularly the most climatenullnullulnerable countriesnullnull nullish to enullpress the appreciation of WMO to all the Centres and the nullational Meteorological and nullydrological Sernullices of its 1null9 Members that collaborated nullith WMO and contributed to this nulley publicationnull s nullith the prenullious editionsnull null nullould linulle to underscore the importance of your feedbacnullnull WMO loonulls fornullard to your comments on the WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2011 and to your nullelcome suggestions for its further impronullementnull nullMnullnullarraudnull SecretarynullGeneral2The year nullnull11 nulls a year of climate enulltremes around the nullorldnull nullrecipitation enulltremesnullmany of them associated nullith one of the strongest nulla nullinulla enullents of the past nullnull yearsnullhad manullor impacts on the nullorldnullSigninullcant nullooding occurred in many places throughout the nullorldnull nullhile manullor droughts affected parts of nullast nullfrica and nullorth nullmericanull Global mean temperatures in nullnull11 did not reach the recordnullsetting lenullels of nullnull1nullnull but nullere still the highest obsernulled in a nulla nullinulla yearnull and nullrctic seanullice enulltent fell to nearnullrecordnulllonulllenullelsnullGlobal tropical cyclone actinullity nullas belonullanulleragenullbut the nullnited States had one of its most destructinulle tornado seasons on recordnullGlobal temperatures in 2011Temperatures anulleraged onuller the globe in nullnull11 nullere not as nullarm as the recordnullsetting nullalues seen in nullnull1null but nullere nenullertheless nullell abonulle the longnullterm anulleragenull Globally anulleraged temperatures in nullnull11 nullere estimated to be nullnullnullnullnullC null nullnull9nullC abonulle the 19null1null199nullannual anullerage of 1nullCnullThis manulles nullnull11 nominally the elenullenth nullarmest year on record in records dating bacnull to 1nullnullnullnull The nullnull11 nominal nullalue of nullnullnullnullnullnullC1is also the nullarmest enuller to occur in 1The analysis is based on three indepennulldent datasetsnull maintained by the nulladley Centre of the Meteorological Ofnullcenullnullnullnulland the Climatic nullesearch nullnit of the nullninullersity of nullast nullnglia nullnulladnullCnullnullnullin the nullnited nullingdomnullthe nullational Climatic nullata Center of the nullational Oceanic and nulltmonullspheric nulldministration nullnullCnullCnullnullOnullnullnullin the nullnited Statesnulland the Goddard nullnstitute of Space Studies nullGnullSSnulloperated by the nullational nulleronautics and Space nulldministration nullnullnullSnullnullin the nullnited StatesnullThe nullCnullC and GnullSS datasets nulland hence the comnullbined datasetnullenulltend bacnullto 1nullnullnulland the nulladCnullnulldataset enulltends bacnullto 1nullnullnullnulla moderate or strong nulla nullinulla yearnull nullata from the nullCMWnull nullnterim nulleanalysis nullnullnullnullnull nullere also consistent nullith the trends in surface datasetsnullThe nullnullnullnullnullnullnull11 tennullyear anullerage of nullnullnullnullnullC abonulle the 19null1null199null mean matched nullnullnull1nullnullnull1nullas the nullorldnulls nullarmest tennullyear period on recordnull This nullas nullnull1nullC nullarmer than the nullarm nullest tennullyear period of the tnullentieth centurynull1991nullnullnullnullnullnull nulln turnnull 1991nullnullnullnullnull nullas clearly nullarmer than prenullious decadesnull consistent nullith a longnullterm nullarming trendnullMajor large-scale influences on the global climate in 2011The year began nullith a strong nulla null a enullent established in the nullacinullcnullThis enullentnull hich began in the second half of nullnull1nullnull nullas near peanullintensity at the start of the year nullith sea surnullface temperatures nullidely 1nullnullnullC to nullnullC belonullanullerage in the central and eastern enulluatorial nullacinullc nullthe nullinullo 3nullnull indenull nullas null1nullnullnullnullC in nullanuarynullnull The nullnull1nullnullnullnull11 nulla nullinulla enullent rannulled as one of the strongest of the past nullnullyearsnullWhile the sea surface temperature anomalies at the enullentnulls peanullnullmonthly null o 3nullnullindenullof null1nullnullnullnullC in Octobernull nullere slightly nulleanuller than those at the peanull of the nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull enullent nullnull1nullnull9nullCnullnull atmospheric indicators of the enullent nullere at record or nearnullrecord lenullelsnullnullositinulle anomalies in early nullnull11 of outgoing longnullnullanulle radiationnull nullhich is an indicator of cloudinessnullnear 1nullnullnulllongitude and of trade nullinds in the eastnullcentral nullacinullc nullere both at the highnullest lenullels since consistent records of those indicators began in the 19nullnullsnull The sinullnullmonth Southern Oscillation nullndenull of nullnullnull for the period nullonullember nullnull1nullnullnullpril nullnull11 nullas the highest such nullalue since 191nullnullnulligure 1. nulllobal surface temperature anomalies nullrelatinulle to 19null1null1990nullfor the perionull1950nullnull011nullnullears that startenullwith a monullerate or strong nulla Ninulla alreanullnullin place shown in bluenulligure null. nulllobal rannullenullsurface temperatures for the warmest 50 nullears. nullnset shows global rannullenullsurface temperatures from 1880. The sinulle of the bars innullicates the 95 per cent connullnullence limits associatenull with each nullear. nullalues are simple area-weightenull anullerages for the whole nullear. Source Met Office Hadley Centre, UK, and Climatic Research Unit, University of East Annulllia, United Kinnulldomnull10 20 30 40 50Rank of hottest years to coldest–0.20.00.20.40.6Temperature difference °Cfrom 1961–1990 average2010 200519982003 20022009 2006 20072004200120111997 20081995199920001990199119881987 1983 19961994198119891980 19931944199219731977 1986197918781941 18771984 198218801969 1963 1958 19531943193819401985 1962 1961 19452000–20101990–19991970–19891950–19691930–19491910–19291850–19090 50 100 150Rank–0.50.00.50.60.50.40.30.20.10–0.1–0.2–0.3–0.41950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010OtherLa NiñaTemperature anomaly °CYearnullThe nulla nullinulla enullent nulleanullened during the early months of nullnull11null nullith sea surface temperanulltures returning to the neutral range by Maynull nullt redenulleloped during the northern hemisphere autumnnull although nullith much less strength than the prenullious yearnull ith null o 3nullnullnear null1nullC in nullonullember and nullecembernullThe atmospheric responsenull honullenullernull nullas again strongnull nullith the monthly Southern Oscillation nullndenull reaching nullnull3 in nullecember and a mean of null1nullfor the Septembernullnullecember periodnullnullfter nullery strong negatinulle nullalues in late nullnull1nullnull both the nullrctic Oscillation and nullorth nulltlantic Oscillation shifted into positinulle mode by nullebruary nullnull11 and remained there through 1850 1900 1950 2000Year–0.8–0.6–0.4–0.200.20.40.6Global average temperature anomaly °CMet Office Hadley Centre and Climatic Research UnitNOAA National Climatic Data CenterNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies180 120W 60W 0 60E 120E 18090S60S30S030N60N90N–10 –5 –3 –1 –0.5 –0.2 0 0.2 0.5
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