资源描述：
RENEWABLES 2018 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT A comprehensive annual overview of the state of renewable energy. 2018CUTIVE SECRETARY Rana Adib REN21 CHAIR Arthouros Zervos National Technical University of Athens NTUA NGOS Climate Action Network International CAN-I Council on Energy, Environment and Water CEEW Fundación Energías Renovables FER Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves GACC Global Forum on Sustainable Energy GFSE Greenpeace International ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies ISEP Mali Folkecenter MFC Partnership for Sustainable Low Carbon Transport SLoCaT Renewable Energy Institute REI World Council for Renewable Energy WCRE World Future Council WFC World Resources Institute WRI World Wildlife Fund WWF INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Alliance for Rural Electrification ARE American Council on Renewable Energy ACORE Associação Portuguesa de Energias Renováveis APREN Association for Renewable Energy of Lusophone Countries ALER Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association CREIA Clean Energy Council CEC European Renewable Energies Federation EREF Global Off-Grid Lighting Association GOGLA Global Solar Council GSC Global Wind Energy Council GWEC Indian Renewable Energy Federation IREF International Geothermal Association IGA International Hydropower Association IHA Renewable Energy Solutions for the Mediterranean RES4MED World Bioenergy Association WBA World Wind Energy Association WWEA INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Asian Development Bank ADB Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APERC ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ECREEE European Commission EC Global Environment Facility GEF International Energy Agency IEA International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency RCREEE United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Environment Programme UN Environment United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO World Bank WB MEMBERS AT LARGE Michael Eckhart Mohamed El-Ashry David Hales Kirsty Hamilton Peter Rae NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS Afghanistan Brazil Denmark Germany India Norway South Africa Spain United Arab Emirates United States of America SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA Fundación Bariloche FB International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA International Solar Energy Society ISES National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL South African National Energy Development Institute SANEDI The Energy and Resources Institute TERIREN21 MEMBERS RENEWABLES 2018 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT RENEWABLES 2018 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT new experts in the community every year have been involved at least twiceexperts internationallyexperts actively involved in 2018 edition REN21 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN GSR 40 900 400 REN21 is a multi-stakeholder network that is built on an international community of over 900 experts from governments, inter-governmental organisations, industry associations, non-governmental organisations, and science and academia. It grows from year to year and represents an increasing diversity of sectors. REN21 provides a plat for this wide-ranging community to exchange ination and ideas, to learn from each other and to collectively build the renewable energy future. This network enables the REN21 Secretariat, among other things, to produce its annual flagship publication, the Renewables Global Status Report GSR. The report is a truly collaborative effort where the contributors and peer reviewers work alongside an international authoring team and the REN21 Secretariat. Over COMMUNITY 60 3RENEWABLES 2018 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT REN21 is the global renewable energy policy multi- stakeholder network that connects a wide range of key actors. REN21’s goal is to facilitate knowledge exchange, policy development and joint action towards a rapid global transition to renewable energy. REN21 brings together governments, non- governmental organisations, research and academic institutions, international organisations and industry to learn from one another and build on successes that advance renewable energy. To assist policy decision- making, REN21 provides high-quality ination, catalyses discussion and debate, and supports the development of thematic networks. REN21 facilitates the collection of com- prehensive and timely ination on renewable energy. This ination reflects diverse viewpoints from both private and public sector actors, serving to dispel myths about renewable energy and to catalyse policy change. It does this through six product lines Renewables 2004, Bonn REN21 events REN21 publications BIREC, Beijing International Renewable Energy Conference First GSR published Chinese Renewable Energy Status Report Indian Renewable Energy Status Report Renewables Interactive Map Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies WIREC, Washington International Renewable Energy Conference DIREC, Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Global Status Report yearly publication since 2005 REN21 PRODUCTS RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT GSR First released in 2005, REN21 s Renewables Global Status Report GSR has grown to become a truly collaborative effort, drawing on an international network of over 900 authors, contributors and reviewers. Today it is the most frequently referenced report on renewable energy market, industry and policy trends. Bridging and building the energy future. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21 stCENTURY 4 4Global Futures Report MENA Renewable Energy Status Report ADIREC, Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference First REN21 Renewables Academy, Bonn SAIREC, South Africa International Renewable Energy Conference First GSR Microsite MEXIREC, Mexico International Renewable Energy Conference 100 Renewables Global Futures Report UNECE Renewable Energy Status Report Renewable Energy Tenders and Community [Em]Power[ment] 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Mini-grid Policy Toolkit ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report SADC and UNECE Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Reports Renewables Interactive Map revamp EAC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report Regional Status Reports Thematic Reports Global Futures Reports REN21 Renewables Academy International Renewable Energy Conferences 2018 Second REN21 Renewables Academy, Bonn Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report REGIONAL STATUS REPORTS These reports detail the renewable energy developments of a particular region; their pro- duction also supports regional data collection processes and ined decision making.GLOBAL FUTURES REPORTS GFR REN21 produces reports that illustrate the credible possibili- ties for the future of renewables within particular thematic areas. THEMATIC REPORTS Each report covers a specific topic related to renewable energy in detail. Examples of reports covered in this series include the Mini-grid Policy Toolkit, Renewable Energy Tenders and Community [Em]power[ment] and Renewables Energy Policies in a Time of Transition. RENEWABLES ACADEMY The REN21 Renewables Academy provides an opportu- nity for lively exchange among the growing community of REN21 contributors. It offers a venue to brainstorm on future-orien- tated policy solutions and allows participants to actively contribute on issues central to a renewable energy transition. INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCES IREC The International Renewable Energy Conference IREC is a high-level political conference series. Dedicated exclusively to the renewable energy sector, the biennial IREC is hosted by a national government and convened by REN21. 5 5RENEWABLES 2018 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS GSR 2018 Acknowledgements . 10 Foreword 15 cutive Summary . 16 Renewable Energy Indicators 2017 19 Top 5 Countries Table . 25 Global Overview 29 Heating and Cooling 35 Transport 38 Power 40 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 02 POLICY LANDSCAPE Policy Landscape . 49 Targets . 52 Heating and Cooling 54 Transport 56 Power 59 Integrating Policies 61 Sector Coupling and System-Wide Transation 62 Investment Flows . 139 Investment by Economy 141 Investment by Technology 144 Investment by Type . 145 Renewable Energy Investment in Perspective . 146 Sources of Investment 147 03 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS 05 INVESTMENT FLOWS 04 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLES FOR ENERGY ACCESS Bioenergy 69 Geothermal Power and Heat 79 Hydropower 83 Ocean Energy 88 Solar Photovoltaics PV 90 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power CSP 100 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling . 103 Wind Power 109 Distributed Renewables for Energy Access 125 Overview of Energy Access . 126 Technologies and Markets 128 Investment and Financing 133 Business Models . 135 Policy Developments . 136 International Initiatives and Programmes 137 Outlook 137 6Energy Systems Integration and Enabling Technologies 149 Challenges of Energy Systems Integration . 150 Integrating Variable Renewable Electricity . 151 Technologies for Systems Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Energy Storage . 158 Heat Pumps 160 Electric Vehicles 161 08 CORPORATE SOURCING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 06 ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 07 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Overview . 165 Electricity Generation . 168 Buildings . 168 Industry 170 Transport 171 Feature Corporate Sourcing of Renewable Energy 173 How Companies Source Renewable Electricity 174 Main Industries Sourcing Renewable Electricity . 176 Policy Frameworks to Enable Corporate Sourcing of Renewables . 176 Capacity Building Through Knowledge Sharing 177 FEATURE REPORT CITATION REN21. 2018. Renewables 2018 Global Status Report Paris REN21 Secretariat. ISBN 978-3-9818911-3-3 DISCLAIMER REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the ination given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 7 Reference Tables 178 ological Notes . 228 Glossary . 230 List of Abbreviations . 236 Energy Units and Conversion Factors . 237 Endnotes see full version online at 2018 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS GSR 2018 8 TABLES SIDEBARS REFERENCE TABLES Table 1 Estimated Direct and Indirect Jobs in Renewable Energy, by Country and Technology, 2016-2017 47 Table 2 Renewable Energy Support Policies 64 Table 3 Status of Renewable Electricity Generating Technologies, Costs and Capacity Factors, 2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Table 4 Overview of Policy Measures That Support Various Corporate Sourcing Options 177 Sidebar 1 Jobs in Renewable Energy 46 Sidebar 2 Renewable Electricity Generation Costs, 2017 119 Sidebar 3 Digitalisation of Energy Systems . 156Table R1 Global Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuel Production, 2017 . 178Table R2 Renewable Power Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Table R3 Renewable Energy Targets, Share of Primary or Final Energy and Progress, End-2015 180Table R4 Renewable Energy Targets, Technology- Specific Share of Primary or Final Energy 183Table R5 Renewable Heating and Cooling Targets and Progress, End-2016 . 184Table R6 Renewable Transport Targets and Progress, End-2016 . 186Table R7 Renewable Transport Mandates at the National/State/Provincial Levels, End-2017 . 187Table R8 Renewable Power Targets, Share of Electricity Generation and Progress, End-2016 189Table R9 Renewable Power Targets, Technology- Specific Share of Electricity Generation 192Table R10 Renewable Power Targets for Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generation 193Table R11 Renewable Heating and Cooling Policies, 2017 . 199Table R12 Feed-in Electricity Policies, Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces and 2017 Revisions . 200Table R13 Renewable Power Tenders at the National/State/Provincial Levels, 2017 . 201Table R14 Renewable Energy Targets, Selected City and Local Examples . 202Table R15 Biofuels Global Production, Top 15 Countries and EU-28, 2017 . 206Table R16 Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2017 207Table R17 Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2017 . 208Table R18 Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2007-2017 209Table R19 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power CSP Global Capacity and Additions, 2017 . 210Table R20 Solar Water Heating Collectors Total Capacity End-2016 and Newly Installed Capacity 2017, Top 20 Countries . 211Table R21 Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2017 212Table R22 Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2016 and Targets . 213Table R23 Population Without Access to Clean Cooking by Region and Country, 2015 217Table R24 Programmes Furthering Energy Access, Selected Examples . 220Table R25 International Networks Furthering Energy Access, Selected Examples 224Table R26 Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2007-2017 . 2279 FIGURES Figure 1 Estimated Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, 2016 . 31 Figure 2 Growth in Global Renewable Energy Compared to Total Final Energy Consumption, 2005-2015 . 31 Figure 3 Renewable Energy in Total Final Energy Consumption, by Sector, 2015 32 Figure 4 Carbon Pricing Policies, 2017 . 34 Figure 5 Global Renewable Power Capacity, 2007-2017 41 Figure 6 Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production, End-2017 41 Figure 7 Renewable Power Capacities in World, EU-28, and Top 6 Countries, 2017 42 Figure 8 Share of Electricity Generation from Variable Renewable Energy, Top 10 Countries, 2017 43 Figure 9 Jobs in Renewable Energy . 47 Figure 10 Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Regulatory Policies, by Sector, 2004-2017 . 51 Figure 11 National Sector-Specific Targets for Share of Renewable Energy, by a Specific Year, by Sector, in Place at End-2017 53 Figure 12 National Targets for Share of Renewable Energy in Final Energy, by a Specific Year, in Place at
展开阅读全文