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RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 20192 CUTIVE SECRETARY Rana Adib REN21 CHAIR Arthouros Zervos National Technical University of Athens NTUA REN21 MEMBERS MEMBERS AT LARGE Michael Eckhart Mohamed El-Ashry David Hales Kirsty Hamilton Peter Rae GOVERNMENTS Afghanistan Brazil Denmark Germany India Mexico Norway South Africa Spain United Arab Emirates United States of America SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies AEE INTEC Fundación Bariloche FB International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA International Solar Energy Society ISES National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL South African National Energy Development Institute SANEDI The Energy and Resources Institute TERI INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Africa Minigrid Developers Association AMDA Alliance for Rural Electrification ARE American Council on Renewable Energy ACORE Associação Portuguesa de Energias Renováveis APREN Association for Renewable Energy of Lusophone Countries ALER Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association CREIA Clean Energy Council CEC European Renewable Energies Federation EREF Global Off-Grid Lighting Association GOGLA Global Solar Council GSC Global Wind Energy Council GWEC Indian Renewable Energy Federation IREF International Geothermal Association IGA International Hydropower Association IHA Renewable Energy Solutions for the Mediterranean RES4MED World Bioenergy Association WBA World Wind Energy Association WWEA INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APERC Asian Development Bank ADB ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ECREEE European Commission EC Global Environment Facility GEF International Energy Agency IEA International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Islamic Development Bank IsDB Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency RCREEE United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Environment Programme UN Environment United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO World Bank WB NGOS Association Africaine pour l Electrification Rurale Club-ER CLASP Clean Cooking Alliance CCA Climate Action Network International CAN-I Council on Energy, Environment and Water CEEW Energy Cities Fundación Energías Renovables FER Global 100 Renewable Energy Global Forum on Sustainable Energy GFSE Global Women s Network for the Energy Transition GWNET Greenpeace International ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies ISEP International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Jeunes Volontaires pour l Environnement JVE Mali Folkecenter MFC Partnership for Sustainable Low Carbon Transport SLoCaT Power for All Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership REEEP Renewable Energy Institute REI Solar Cookers International SCI World Council for Renewable Energy WCRE World Future Council WFC World Resources Institute WRI World Wildlife Fund WWF3 experts have contributed to the GSR since its start in 2005. of these experts have participated in more than one GSR. of the community consists of new experts each year. REN21 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN THE GSR 70 45 REN21 is an international policy network of experts from governments, inter-governmental organisations, industry associations, NGOs, and science and academia. It grows from year to year and represents an increasing diversity of sectors. REN21 provides a plat for this wide-ranging community to exchange ination and ideas, to learn from each other and to collectively build the renewable energy future. This network enables the REN21 Secretariat to, among other activities, produce its annual flagship publication, the Renewables Global Status Report GSR, making the report process a truly collaborative effort. COMMUNITY 1,500 60 On average, nearly experts contributed to GSR 2019, working alongside an inter- national authoring team and the REN21 Secretariat. of these were new experts. FOR GSR 2019 350 Over Over4 BUILDING THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE REN21 is an international policy network of passionate players dedicated to building a sustainable renewable energy future. This means having a clear vision REN21 stands for a renewables-based energy system that includes all renewable energy technologies and serves all energy end-use sectors. making the right decisions REN21 provides high-quality, up-to-date ination to shape the energy debate. telling a compelling story REN21 consolidates ination about what is happening across the energy landscape to show that the global transition to renewables can happen. . inspiring and mobilising people REN21 builds on a worldwide community of players from governments, inter-governmental and non-governmental organisations, industry, science and academia. moving beyond the familiar REN21 makes renewable energy relevant to decision makers outside the energy world, by developing an understanding of relevant concerns in these sectors. SHAPE THE FUTURE RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21 stCENTURY Making the invisible visible. REN21 changes the way we think about renewable energy.RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 5 KNOWLEDGE NETWORK AND COMMUNITY DEBATES REN21 RENEWABLES ACADEMY A biennial event developed by, and for, the REN21 community, where members meet and discuss how to spur the renewable energy transition. The REN21 Academy’s structure reflects REN21’s collaborative and transparent culture. RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT GSR First released in 2005, this report is the industry standard for the status of renewables for a given year. The GSR’s robust process for collecting data and ination makes it the most frequently referenced report on renewable energy market, industry and policy trends. RENEWABLE IN CITIES – GLOBAL STATUS REPORT REC-GSR The cities report is the first comprehensive resource to map out the current trends and renewable energy developments in cities. It uses the same rigorous standards found in the Renewables Global Status Report series. THEMATIC REPORTS Each report covers, in detail, a specific topic where a knowledge gap exists. GLOBAL FUTURES REPORT GFR This series captures the current thinking about a sustainable energy future. Each report presents the collective and contemporary thinking of many experts. REGIONAL REPORTS These reports detail renewable energy developments in a region, improving data and knowledge and, in turn, ining decision making and changing perceptions. INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE IREC A high-level political event where government, private sector and civil society meet to build collective know-how to advance renewables at the international, national and sub-national levels. The IREC is hosted by a national government and is held biennially. Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition Unit 1 Ausspann Plaza No.11 Dr. Agostinho Neto Street Ausspannplatz Windhoek Namibia www.sacreee.org c/o UN Environment 1, rue Miollis Building VII 75015 Paris France RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY SADC RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFIENCY STATUS REPORT RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Acknowledgements 10 Foreword 15 cutive Summary 17 Renewable Energy Indicators 2018 19 Top 5 Countries 2018 . 25 Introduction 29 Heating and Cooling 35 Transport 37 Power 40 Targets . 51 Heating and Cooling 51 Transport 54 Power 59 Policies to Integrate Variable Renewable Energy . 62 Climate Policy and Renewables . 63 REPORT CITATION REN21. 2019. Renewables 2019 Global Status Report Paris REN21 Secretariat. ISBN 978-3-9818911-7-1 DISCLAIMER REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the ination given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.GLOBAL OVERVIEW 01POLICY LANDSCAPE 02 TABLE OF CONTENTS GSR 2019 29 49 6Investment by Economy 149 Investment by Technology 152 Investment by Type . 153 Renewable Energy Investment in Perspective . 154 Early Investment Trends in 2019 . 154 Advances in the Integration of Variable Renewable Energy . 158 Enabling Technologies for Systems Integration 159 Bioenergy 71 Geothermal Power and Heat 80 Hydropower 86 Ocean Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Solar Photovoltaics PV 94 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power CSP 107 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling . 110 Wind Power 118 Overview of Energy Access . 134 Technologies and Markets 136 Business Models . 139 Policy Developments . 140 Investment and Financing 141 International Initiatives and Programmes 144 Outlook 145 Overview . 169 Electricity Generation . 173 Buildings . 174 Industry 176 Transport 177 Drivers for Renewables in Cities . 180 Opportunities for Urban Renewable Energy . 183 City Ambition and Targets 184 City Leadership in the Global Energy Transition 185 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS 03 ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 06ENERGY EFFICIENCY 07 FEATURE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CITIES 08 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLES FOR ENERGY ACCESS 04INVESTMENT FLOWS 05 71 133 147 157 169 179 7 Reference Tables . 186 Energy Units and Conversion Factors . 237 Data Collection and Validation . 238 ological Notes 239 Glossary . 242 List of Abbreviations 249 Endnotes see full version online at 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS GSR 2019 SIDEBARS TABLES REFERENCE TABLES Sidebar 1. Jobs in Renewable Energy, 2018 46 Sidebar 2. Policies Potentially Enabling Renewable Energy Penetration in Transport 58 Sidebar 3. Floating Solar PV . 102 Sidebar 4. Renewable Electricity Generation Costs, 2018 . 127 Table 1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Jobs in Renewable Energy, by Country/Region and Technology, 2017-2018 47 Table 2. Renewable Energy Targets and Policies, 2018 66 Table 3. Renewable Electricity Generating Technologies, Costs and Capacity Factors, 2018 . 128 Table 4. Approximate Impacts of and Responses to Rising Shares of Variable Renewable Energy . 167Table R1. Global Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuel Production, 2018 186Table R2. Renewable Power Capacity, World and Top Regions/Countries, 2018 187Table R3. Renewable Energy Targets for Share of Primary or Final Energy, 2018, and Progress, End-2016 . 188Table R4. Renewable Heating and Cooling Targets, 2018, and Progress, End-2017 . 191Table R5. Renewable Transport Targets, 2018, and Progress, End-2017 . 193Table R6. Renewable Power Targets for Share of Electricity Generation, 2018, and Progress, End-2017 . 194Table R7. Renewable Power Targets for Technology- Specific Share of Electricity Generation, 2018 197Table R8. Renewable Power Targets for Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generation, 2018 198Table R9. Renewable Heating and Cooling Policies, 2018 204Table R10. Renewable Transport Mandates at the National/State/Provincial Levels, 2018 . 205Table R11. Feed-in Electricity Policies, Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces and 2018 Revisions . 208Table R12. Renewable Power Tenders Held at the National/State/Provincial Levels, 2018 209Table R13. Renewable Energy Targets, Selected City and Local Examples, 2018 . 211 Table R14. Biofuels Global Production, Top 15 Countries and EU-28, 2018 . 216 Table R15. Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2018 . 217 Table R16. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2018 . 218 Table R17. Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2018 . 219 Table R18. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power CSP Global Capacity and Additions, 2018 220 Table R19. Solar Water Heating Collectors Total Capacity End-2017 and Newly Installed Capacity 2018, Top 20 Countries 221 Table R20. Wind Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2018 . 222 Table R21. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2017 and Targets . 223 Table R22. Population Without Access to Clean Cooking, 2017 226 Table R23. Programmes Furthering Energy Access Selected Examples . 229 Table R24. International Networks Furthering Energy Access Selected Examples . 233 Table R25. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2008-2018 236 8FIGURESFigure 1. Estimated Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, 2017 . 31Figure 2. Growth in Global Renewable Energy Compared to Total Final Energy Consumption, 2006-2016 . 32Figure 3. Share of Renewables in Net Annual Additions of Power Generating Capacity, 2008-2018 . 33Figure 4. Renewable Energy in Total Final Energy Consumption, by Sector, 2016 . 33Figure 5. Fossil Fuel Subsidies, per Person, by Country, 2017 34Figure 6. Annual Additions of Renewable Power Capacity, by Technology and Total, 2012-2018 . 40Figure 7. Global Power Generating Capacity, by Source, 2008-2018 41Figure 8. Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production, End-2018 . 41Figure 9. Renewable Power Capacities in World, EU-28 and Top 6 Countries, 2018 . 42Figure 10. Share of Electricity Generation from Variable Renewable Energy, Top 10 Countries, 2018 . 43Figure 11. Jobs in Renewable Energy, 2018 . 47Figure 12. Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Regulatory Policies and Carbon Pricing Policies, 2004-2018 50Figure 13. National Sector-Specific Targets for Share of Renewable Energy by a Specific Year, by Sector, 2018 . 52Figure 14. Countries with Mandatory Building Energy Codes, 2018 . 53Figure 15. National and Sub-National Renewable Transport Mandates, 2018 . 56Figure 16. Targets for Renewable Power and/or Electric Vehicles, 2018 57Figure 17. Carbon Pricing Policies, 2018 64Figure 18. Estimated Shares of Bioenergy in Total Final Energy Consumption, Overall and by End-Use Sector, 2017 72Figure 19. Global Bioelectricity Generation, by Region, 2008-2018 73Figure 20. Global Ethanol, Biodiesel and HVO/HEFA Fuel Production by Energy Content, 2008-2018 . 74Figure 21. Geothermal Power Capacity Global Additions, Share by Country, 2018 . 81Figure 22. Geothermal Power Capacity and Additions,
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