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[1]城市温室气体核算工具指南（测试版1.0） [2] WRI WRI WWF WWF WRI WWF ISC This study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Develop- ment USAID. The contents are the responsibility of World Resources Institute and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.[3] 1.0 1.0 Janet Ranganathan United States Agency for International Development United Technologies Corp. WWF CBCSD NRDC ISC GIZ 城市温室气体核算工具指南（测试版1.0） [4] Pankaj Bahtia Mark Didden WBCSD Janet Ranganathan [5] 16 17 unit WRI ISC 1.0 1.0 城市温室气体核算工具指南（测试版1.0） [6] 2011 2011 40 70 60 70 WRI WWF ISC 1.0 1.0 B C D 1 2. 3.1 [7] 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3 1 2.3 GPC 2 城市温室气体核算工具指南（测试版1.0） [8] The UN-HABITAT’s 2011 Global Report on Human Settlements pointed out that the, “proportion of human-induced greenhouse gas GHG emissions resulting from cities could be between 40 and 70, using production-based figures i.e. figures calculated by adding up GHG emissions from entities located within cities. This is in comparison with as high as 60 to 70 if a consumption-based is used i.e. figures calculated by adding up GHG emis- sions resulting from the production of all goods consumed by urban residents, irrespective of the geographic loca- tion of the production.” At the same time, cities are growing at an unprecedented scale and speed. Understanding and reducing GHG emissions from cities is of great significance in addressing climate change. Recently, city-level GHG emissions have come to the forefront globally with city-level GHG emissions reduction actions becoming a centerpiece of the global response to climate change. At present, China lacks a unified standard, guidance or tool for city GHG accounting. The World Resources Institute WRI, together with the Institute of Urban and Environmental Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF and the Institute for Sustainable Communities ISC, developed the Green- house Gas Accounting Tool for Chinese Cities Pilot Version 1.0 hereinafter referred to as “the Tool”, and a Guide on the Tool hereinafter referred to as “the Guide”, aiming to explore appropriate s to measure city GHG emissions, help cities improve GHG accounting capabilities, and provide decision making support to cities’ low car - bon development. The Guide includes 6 chapters and 4 Appendices. The first three chapters highlight the significance of city GHG accounting and provide an overview of the Tool and the city GHG accounting approach. The remaining chapters and appendices are technical content for readers who calculate GHG emissions, or readers who are interested in detailed accounting s. Chapter 1 includes background about development of the Tool, Chapter 2 includes an overview of the Tool, Chapter 3 includes the GHG accounting s the Tool follows, Chapter 4 describes data collection and data quality management s, Chapter 5 includes instructions on how to use the Tool, Chapter 6 details limitations and a plan for future improvement, Appendix A lists calculation ulas embedded in the Tool, Appendix B lists activity level data tables, Appendix C lists default emissions factor data in the Tool, and Appendix D describes standards and guidance used in the development of the Tool. 1. Significance of city GHG accounting City GHG accounting can help stakeholders understand emissions levels and trends, identify key emission sources, and aid in the uation of emission reduction targets and low-carbon city planning and assessment. City GHG ac - counting can also help strengthen cities’ GHG accounting capacity, which is conducive to establishing a national GHG statistical and accounting system. Accounting results can also be used for domestic and international comparison. 2. City GHG accounting approach An accounting approach differs from a calculating approach in that it includes not only a quantification of emis- sions, but also consideration of geographical boundaries, GHG types and emissions sources, data collection meth- ods and standardized reporting ats. The procedure for City GHG accounting is as follows 1 define the accounting boundary section 3.1, including geographical boundary and GHG types, as well as the definition of direct and indirect emissions relevant to the geo- cutive Summary[9] graphic boundaries; 2 identify the emissions sources cities want to measu
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