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WMO STATEMENT ON THE STATUS OFTHE GLOBAL CLIMATE IN 2005World Meteorological OrganizationWeather Climate WaterWMO-No. 9980 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 40˚N 20˚N 0˚ 20˚N 40˚N 20˚W 40˚W 60˚W 80˚W 100˚W 2WorldMeteorologicalOrganizationWeather Climate WaterGeneva - SwitzerlandWMO-No. 998© 2006, World Meteorological OrganizationISBN 92-63-10998-2Front cover Top Tracks of the hurricanes in the 2005 North Atlantic hurricane season. Source National ClimaticData Center, NOAA, United StatesBottom Annual number of named storms blue and major hurricanes red in the North AtlanticOcean for the period 1945-2005. Source National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, United StatesBack cover Left Mean total ozone in Dobson units over the southern hemisphere during September 2005 basedon ground-based measurements. Source World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre,Environment CanadaRight Accumulated precipitation anomalies departures in millimetres from a 1979-2000 base periodduring the 2005 May to August season for Europe. Green indicates areas that received above normalprecipitation during the period while pink depicts those regions that were drier than normal. Areas inwhite show regions where departures are within /- 25 mm of the average seasonal value. Precipitationvalues are obtained by merging rain-gauge observations and satellite-derived precipitation estimates.Source Climate Prediction Center, NOAA, United StatesNOTEThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organizationconcerning the legal status of any country, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries.This statement is a summary of the ination provided by the Hadley Centre of The Met Office, UnitedKingdom, the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; and the National ClimaticData Center and the Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAA, United States. Other contributors were from the following WMO Member countries Argentina,Australia, Canada, China, Fiji, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mauritius, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway andSweden, as well as the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, United States, the IGADClimate Prediction and Applications Centre in Nairobi and the AGRHYMET Regional Centre in Niamey.3FOREWORDThe World Meteorological Organization WMO, throughthe Commission for Climatology and in cooperation withits Members, has issued annual statements on thestatus of the global climate for the past 12 years. Thestatement for 2005 describes extreme weather andclimate events and provides a historical perspective onthe variability and trends of surface temperatures thathave occurred since the nineteenth century. The state-ments complement the periodic assessments of theWMO/UNEP sponsored Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change IPCC and are intended to provide cred-ible scientific ination on climate and its variability.The year 2005 was most likely one of the twowarmest years on record since 1850. The 2005 hurricaneseason saw some of the most destructive hurricanes onrecord, which claimed more than 3 000 lives in CentralAmerica and the United States. Disastrous floods andlandslides due to extreme precipitation events were alsoreported worldwide. Prolonged drought conditionscontinued to affect parts of Africa, Australia and thewestern United States. In 2005, western parts of Europewere also under the grip of a severe drought. Arctic seaice during September 2005 was the lowest on record andbelow the average for the fourth consecutive year. Theozone hole in 2005 was the third largest recorded after2000 and 2003. In December, central Europe and centraland eastern parts of Asia experienced significantly colderthan average temperatures.The impacts of climate variability and climatechange, especially extreme events on human and naturalsystems, pose numerous challenges to sustainabledevelopment. In 2005, damages and casualties causedby extreme weather and climate events were high andalarming. The economic impact of natural disasters hasshown a marked upward trend over the last severaldecades. The least developed countries are moreaffected by these hazards. The adequate integration ofrisk assessment and early warnings, with prevention andmitigation measures, can prevent natural hazards frombecoming disasters. The role of WMO and the NationalMeteorological and Hydrological Services NMHSs istherefore fundamental in the identification, assessmentand monitoring of risks and the provision of early warnings. In the longer term, climate changes couldresult in increased frequency of some extreme eventssuch as heatwaves, droughts and floods. For sustainabledevelopment, there is a need for a better monitoring andunderstanding of the climate system as well as thefurther development of capabilities for predicting naturalclimate variability and human-induced climate change.A major challenge for the meteorological andhydrological communities is to work towards a majorreduction of the fatality rate associated with naturaldisasters. Enhanced weather, climate and hydrologicalservices are being implemented to contribute to reduc-ing the adverse human, social and economic impacts ofnatural disasters and extreme weather and climateevents. Through its Programmes, WMO contributesactively to the timely provision of authoritative climatestatements, assessments and reviews for the benefit ofhumankind in the twenty-first century.M. JarraudSecretary-General4Difference from 1961-1990 °Ca Global−1.0−0.8−0.6−0.4−0.20.00.20.40.6b Northern hemisphere−1.2−1.0−0.8−0.6−0.4−0.20.00.20.40.60.81.0c Tropics 30°N-30°S−1.0−0.8−0.6−0.4−0.20.00.20.40.60.81860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000d Southern hemisphere−1.2−1.0−0.8−0.6−0.4−0.20.00.20.4GLOBAL TEMPERATURESDURING 2005The analyses made by various leading centresindicate that the global mean surface temper-ature in 2005 was 0.47°C to 0.58°C above the1961-1990 annual average of 14°C. This places2005 as one of the two warmest years in thetemperature record since 1850. The year1998 had annual surface temperatures aver-aging 0.52°C* above the same 30-year mean.The last 10 years, 1996-2005, with the excep-tion of 1996 and 2000, are the warmest yearson record.The latest improved analysis of globaltemperature made by the Hadley Centre, TheMet Office, UK, marks the year as the secondwarmest 0.47°C above average. Based onsimilar improved temperature analyses, butdifferent ology, the National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, United States, ranks 2005as the warmest year 0.52°C above the 1961-1990 annual average. The analysis of theGoddard Institute of Space Studies, UnitedStates, also ranks the year as the warmest0.58°C above the 1951-1980 annual average.All the temperature values have uncertainties,which arise mainly from gaps in data coverage.The sizes of the uncertainties are such that the global average temperature for 2005 isstatistically indistinguishable from that of1998. Based on the Hadley Centre analyses,averaged separately for both hemispheres,surface temperatures in 2005 for the northernhemisphere 0.65°C above the 1961-1990 aver-age were the warmest and for the southernhemisphere 0.28°C above the 1961-1990 aver-age were the fifth warmest in the instrumentalrecord from 1850 to the present.Figure 1 Combinedannual land near surfaceand sea surface temperatureanomalies from 1861-2005departures in degreesCelsius from the average inthe 1961-1990 base periodfor a the globe; b thenorthern hemisphere; c theTropics 30°N-30°S; andd the southern hemisphere.The solid red curves have hadsub-decadal timescalevariations smoothed with abinomial filter. Anomaliesin degrees Celsius for 2005are a 0.47; b 0.65; c 0.45; and d 0.28.Sources Hadley Centre,The Met Office, UK, and Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UKNOTE There are somedifferences in annualanomalies between thepresent and earlier WMOstatements. In this newanalysis, more quality-improved, sea surfacetemperature and landstation data have been used.*This value is based on the newtemperature analysis of theHadley Centre, UK, introducedfor the first time this year. In theearlier temperature analysis,the temperature anomaly valuefor 1998 was 0.54°C.Since the beginning of the twentiethcentury, the global average surface tempera-ture has increased by about 0.6°C. However,this increase has not been continuous and hasrisen sharply since 1976.Areas of significant warmth were wide-spread with large areas of Africa, Australia,Brazil, the Russian Federation, Scandinavia,Canada, China and the south-west UnitedStates showing significantly above averagetemperatures. Much of the North Atlantic andsouth-west Pacific Oceans were also signifi-cantly warm, as was the Gulf of Alaska. Seasurface temperatures in the North Atlantic in2005 were the warmest on record.REGIONAL TEMPERATUREANOMALIESLarge portions of the northern hemisphereexperienced warm conditions in 2005 thatexceeded 90 per cent of the annual tempera-tures recorded in the 1961-1990 period the90th percentile. Parts of the North Atlanticand Indian Oceans had warm temperaturesexceeding the 98th percentile. Only a few smallareas in the southern hemisphere experiencedtemperatures below the 10th percentile.The large-scale climate phenomenon ElNiño can contribute to above average warmth,as was the case with the extremely strong1997/1998 episode. A weak El Niño episodethat developed in mid-2004 continued throughthe beginning of 2005, but sea surface temper-atures in the central and east central equatorialPacific decreased early in the year and theepisode ended by late February. The recordwarmth in 2005 is notable as there was littleinfluence of the El Niño event on the 2005global temperatures.For Australia, 2005 was the hottest yearsince records commenced in 1910, with about95 per cent of the continent experiencingabove average mean temperatures. The previousannual temperature record was set in 1998.The nationwide maximum temperature anom-aly in April was 3.11°C, the largest anomalyrecorded for any month since 1950. Duringthe January-May period, the hottest maximumtemperatures on record exacerbated the excep-tionally dry conditions.In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, extremelyharsh heatwaves in May and June broughtmaximum temperatures of between 45°C and50°C. The maximum temperatures over theseregions were 5°C to 6°C above the long-termaverage. The delayed south-west monsoonrains allowed the heatwave to persist intoJune, claiming at least 400 lives in India. A severe heatwave gripped the south-western United States from early to mid-July,setting up numerous temperature records.5Figure 2 Global annualtemperature anomalypercentiles for 2005 basedon a gamma distribution forthe 1961-1990 base period,calculated in five-degree gridboxes. Orange and redindicate regions where thetemperature anomalies wereestimated to be within thehighest warm 10 and2 per cent, respectively, of theclimatological occurrences.Blue and purple indicate thelowest cold 10 and 2 percent of occurrences,respectively. Note that gridareas without sufficient datafor analysis are left blank.Source Hadley Centre,The Met Office, UK0 2 10 90 98 10090°N60°N30°N0°30°S60°S90°S180° 120°W 60°W 0° 60°E 120°E 180°Central Canada experienced its warmest andmost humid summer on record. In 2005, thenumber of hot days in Toronto was more thantwice its average value. In China, the 2005summer seasonal temperature was one of thewarmest since 1951. Severe heatwave condi-tions also affected much of southern Europeand North Africa during July. In Algeria, theheatwave in July pushed temperatures as highas 50°C and claimed more than a dozen lives.Extremely cold temperatures affectedmuch of the Balkan region during the first halfof February. In Morocco, a cold wave in Januarydropped temperatures to as low as -14°C. InSevlievo, Bulgaria, a 50-year temperaturerecord was broken with temperatures reachingas low as -34°C. During December, much ofJapan, the Korean peninsula, China, Mongoliaand parts of the eastern Russian Federationexperienced significantly colder than averagetemperatures. A series of winter stormsbrought below normal temperatures over partsof Central Europe in December.PROLONGED DROUGHT INSOME REGIONSLong-term drought continued in parts of theGreater Horn of Africa, including southernSomalia, eastern Kenya, south-eastern Ethiopia,north-eastern United Republic of Tanzania andDjibouti. Both the long March-June and shortOctober-December rainy seasons broughtbelow normal precipitation over this region.Over 11 million people in Ethiopia, Djibouti,Somalia and Kenya were at risk of starvationdue to the effects of recent droughts. Sporadicrainfall during the 2004/2005 rainy seasoncaused serious shortfalls in the cereal harvest6−1 01 11110100000010−1 0 11 011110−1 0−1 0−1000−1000−10−1100−21 −10002011120001 121 10011101211010 2210 21 2011 101 100122210 12 11 0 10 1011000000 011111−110011−2 −1 0101211222112−1000112212000011111100 11101012−10−101−10 100121010 11011−2−1−2−1−110 110−101101−1−11−10 −1022−100−101 0000102−10 000 1201−2 −10−10000011200−100−11001211011112112−1 0 112112221 2012011 10101010 20−101−2 −1 0121222100000−111110 122 01121011111122120001100−20−1−11001−11 2 0012001010−1−11 100121001201101101−1−2−10−2 −1022−11001022 110010 10−21001 210 11010011000 11110001110 −1−202 100−1 010−1−122012212 5001−10000121 20202111 00−1220000000−1−1−200−10010−1111101110−10−1−10121−10000000−101010−1002 −101−1−2 −10−2−1−2 −20 −1 0 110 00−100110100−1−1110−1−1−100−1111121−2−11−22−120102101110 0011 2000015201000 1100 −1−2−11 02 22010000000001011011110 1 −1−2 0−2−10011 00 000000−1000 00 0000111110110012200100011012−101110100 111 221 2 11000101202 11212 01 1011 2−1001 22211210121 0 10010100011201 1 101001000−11 0−11−1−11−100−100001021−1−2100 100011101−1 01110001111 11111001−12102001090°S60°S30°S0°30°N60°N90°N90°S60°S30°S0°30°N60°N90°N90°S60°S30°S0°30°N60°N90°N180° 120°W 60°W 0° 60°E 120°E 180°−5 −2 −1 0 1 2 50−1001−1190°S60°S30°S0°30°N60°N90°NcdabFigure 3 Global surfacetemperature anomaliesdepartures in degreesCelsius from the average inthe 1961-1990 base periodfor three-month periodsa December 2004-February 2005; b March-May 2005; c June-August2005; and d September-November 2005. SourcesHadley Centre, The MetOffice, UK, and ClimaticResearch Unit, University ofEast Anglia, UK7in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Angola and Mozambique.At least 5 million people in Malawi were threat-ened with hunger arising from the worstdrought in a decade.Multi-month drought conditions alsoaffected much of western Europe during July,August and September. Durin
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