2018年氢和燃料电池进展报告.pdf

FY 2018 Annual Progress Report 1 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Introduction The U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program the Program focuses on early stage research and development R reducing the cost of hydrogen production technologies; and lowering the cost, reducing footprint, and improving reliability of hydrogen fueling infrastructure. The H2Scale “consortium” refers to the group of national laboratory and private sector partners that have ongoing CRADA projects. In FY 2018, the Program revised the original structure of the thematic areas within H2Scale from a project-oriented at into four working group themes “Make,” “Move,” “Use,” and “Store” hydrogen. Subsequent to the August 2018 kickoff meeting, members of project teams related to hydrogen production and grid integration held the first Make working group meeting in December 2018. These working group meetings occur monthly to facilitate collaboration in specific areas. Through a collaboration between FCTO and NE, a team of national laboratory researchers led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL, and including Argonne National Laboratory ANL, Idaho National Laboratory, and others, conducted a comprehensive analysis of the technical and economic potential of the H2Scale vision in the United States. The analysis is currently under DOE review. Preliminary results characterize the maximum potential demand for hydrogen in the United States as roughly 150 million metric tonnes per year MMTY and the economic potential demand as 22–45 MMTY; for reference, U.S. hydrogen demand is currently approximately 10 MMTY. Analysis also indicates that ample, diverse energy resources e.g., solar power, wind power, nuclear power, and natural gas are available throughout the United States to satisfy the maximum potential demand for hydrogen. Also in FY 2018, the Program competitively selected four new projects to demonstrate first-of-a-kind hydrogen-focused integrated renewable energy production, storage, and transportation fuel distribution/retailing systems. These projects will demonstrate use of electrolyzers to supply grid services at a Sunita Satyapal Introduction FY 2018 Annual Progress Report 3 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program solar farm, autonomous hydrogen fueling technologies, electrolysis of wastewater, and synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether from streams of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The Program also selected four new projects to enable cost-competitive manufacturing of megawatt-scale electrolyzers. Electrolyzers at megawatt scales are expected to be required in emerging applications, such as the provision of grid services or hydrogen production at fueling stations. Lastly, the Program released two H2Scale-related Requests for Ination RFIs in FY 2018 to gather ination from stakeholders. In August 2018, in collaboration with eight other DOE offices, the Program released a comprehensive H2Scale RFI. This RFI aimed to identify and quantify domestic resources compatible with large-scale hydrogen production, and to identify pathways to enable effective near- and long- term leveraging of these resources in major industries requiring affordable, secure, domestic, and scalable hydrogen supplies. Ination gathered from the RFI may guide H2Scale projects and funding opportunities in FY 2019. In June 2018, the Program released an RFI to gather feedback on regulatory barriers to the development of hydrogen infrastructure. DOE will review the ination gathered to identify priority R share the ination with relevant agencies with regulatory authority; and explore opportunities for interagency collaboration. The Program also continued to prioritize early-stage R data management such as machine learning; and other approaches to accelerate progress in energy materials RD through a multi- disciplinary team approach. Patents and Commercialized Technologies Each year, FCTO tracks U.S. patents granted specifically as a result of its funding as just one indicator of cutting-edge innovation. Cumulatively, this funding has led to more than 730 hydrogen and fuel cell patents with approximately 35 coming from the national labs. 3 More than30 technologies have been commercialized as a result of this research, including catalysts for fuel cells, high-pressure hydrogen tanks, electrolyzers for hydrogen production, and fuel cell system components. DOE-funded research has also cut the cost of automotive fuel cells by 60 in the last decade, 4quadrupled durability to over 120,000 miles, 5and cut electrolyzer stack costs by 80 since 2002. 6EXAMPLES OF PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS BY KEY ACTIVITY Hydrogen Fuel RD The Hydrogen Fuel RD subprogram focuses on early-stage RD to reduce the cost and improve the reliability of technologies used to produce and store hydrogen from diverse domestic energy resources. The subprogram uates its project portfolio with respect to its potential to meet DOE’s ultimate cost targets of 3Pathways to Success Innovations Enabled by the U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office, https//www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/11/f57/fcto_2017_pathways_commercial_success.pdf 4DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record 16020, https//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16020_fuel_cell_system_cost_2016.pdf 5DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record 16019, https//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16019_fuel_cell_stack_durability_2016.pdf 6DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record 14004, https//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/14004_h2_production_cost_pem_electrolysis.pdf Sunita Satyapal Introduction FY 2018 Annual Progress Report 4 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2/kg for hydrogen production, and 8/kWh for hydrogen storage system cost while achieving 2.2 kWh/kg and 1.7 kWh/L for hydrogen storage system gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, respectively. FY 2018 activities focused primarily on early-stage R this exceeds the target of 10 efficiency and is on par with conventional PtRu catalysts. In the areas of STCH materials RD, the University of Colorado Boulder developed machine learning models for the discovery of efficient and stable STCH materials, identifying 28,000 stable perovskite ulations from more than 1.1 million possible candidates with greater than 90 accuracy. Hydrogen storage RD accomplishments included the demonstration of lower-cost polyacrylonitrile PAN feedstock material fiber spinning and conversion to high strength carbon fiber, resulting in 14 cost reduction compared to the current PAN. The University of Kentucky also demonstrated efficient solvent recovery and reduced fresh water use. A HyMARC seedling project conducted by the University of Hawaii demonstrated hydrogenation of MgB 2 to MgBH 4 2 at 25 lower temperature and 22 lower pressure than prior state of the art. Fuel Cell RD One of the most important metrics used to guide the Fuel Cell RD subprogram’s RD efforts is the projected high-volume manufacturing cost for automotive fuel cells, which is tracked periodically. The subprogram is targeting an interim cost of 40/kW and durability of 5,000 hours by 2025. Long-term competitiveness with alternative powertrains is expected to require further cost reduction to 30/kW and 8,000 hours durability, which represent the subprogram’s ultimate targets. The industry peer-reviewed cost projection for an 80-kW net automotive polymer electrolyte membrane PEM fuel cell system based on next-generation laboratory technology and operating on direct hydrogen is 50/kW net when manufactured at 100,000 units/year and 45/kW net when manufactured at 500,000 units/year. 7However, this status does not quite meet the durability targets of 5,000 hours by 2025 and further analysis is underway to update the cost projections. 7Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record 16020, https//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16020_fuel_cell_system_cost_2016.pdf Sunita Satyapal Introduction FY 2018 Annual Progress Report 5 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program In FY 2018, the ElectroCat and Fuel Cell Consortium for Perance and Durability FC-PAD made significant progress in RD of PGM-free and low-PGM catalysts and electrodes, respectively. Highlights include the following. FC-PAD continued to conduct foundational RD on low-PGM catalysts and electrodes that is critical to decreasing cost and improving perance and durability of PEMFCs. For example, FC-PAD researchers conducted extensive characterization and electrochemical testing of stack materials to benchmark on-road commercial fuel cell technology. ElectroCat made a number of breakthroughs in PGM-free catalysts. The consortium made key insights into the structure and density of active sites by counting with molecular probes, backed up by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational tools. o The core consortium improved catalyst perance in membrane electrode assemblies by more than 50 compared to the 2016 baseline. In one example, PGM-free catalysts achieved 27 mA/cm 2 compared to the 2016 baseline of 16 mA/cm 2 , a more than 65 improvement. o The consortium also began working with new industry and academic partners to improve PGM- free catalysts, resulting in record perance for Co- and Mn-based catalysts. A project led by Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL has developed novel membranes and electrode ionomers to enable fuel cells operating over a temperature range of 80 °– 220 °C, with demonstrated power density of nearly 1.5 W/cm 2at 200°C. In this project, a highly conductive phosphonated ionomer and a phosphoric-acid-doped, ion-pair-coordinated quaternary ammonium hydrocarbon-based polymer membrane increased low-temperature perance and water tolerance with significantly decreased phosphoric acid leaching. This project will be continued through a grant recently awarded by ARPA-E, demonstrating effective cross-office coordination. Technology Acceleration and Hydrogen Infrastructure RD Technology Acceleration and Hydrogen Infrastructure RD activities help accelerate the transition of early- stage hydrogen and fuel cell research to subsequent stages of development and leverage the private sector to enable deployment. This includes RD to integrate hydrogen production technologies with the electricity grid, advance technologies that can be used in hybrid energy systems, lower the cost of manufacturing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, reduce the cost of hydrogen transport and distribution, reduce the cost and improve reliability of hydrogen fueling stations, and support the infrastructure component supply chain. In FY 2018, hydrogen delivery RD was moved into a new Hydrogen Infrastructure RD budget line item in the FY 2019 budget request, emphasizing the importance of hydrogen delivery RD in the context of hydrogen infrastructure. In FY 2018, Technology Acceleration and Hydrogen Infrastructure RD made significant progress to advance cost-competitive hydrogen technologies and establish the viability of hydrogen in emerging applications. RD is aimed at achieving the Program’s objective of 5/kg for hydrogen delivery and dispensing by 2025 2/kg ultimate target and supporting the Program’s H2Scale initiative. Examples of key accomplishments in FY 2018 include the following. In collaboration with the Safety, Codes and Standards subprogram and the hydrogen storage activity within the Hydrogen Fuel RD subprogram, Technology Acceleration and Hydrogen Infrastructure RD initiated activities to launch the Hydrogen Materials Compatibility H-Mat