PascalCoin项目白皮书.pdf

Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 1/8 Pascal Coin Crypto currency without need of historical operations IMPORTANT THIS DOCUMENT IS A TRANSLATION OF ORIGINAL PASCAL COIN WHITE PAPER WRITTEN IN CATALAN LANGUAGE. MAY INCLUDE SOME TRANSLATION ERRORS Definition The Pascal Coin is a cryptographic virtual currency [1] operated via a P2P protocol that works through account numbers instead of doing it through public keys. This allows the amount of predictable account numbers and thus efficiently storing their balance, thus avoiding the need to consult past operations, so operations only need to check their current balance. The way to operate with account numbers is with the cryptographic keys. Each account number has unique PIN cryptographic key that can be modified at any time. A PIN can be used to operate more than one account, but an account only has one valid PIN Introduction This document is intended to define a variant of cryptographic currency based on knowledge provided by BitCoin [1]. Before reading this document is recommended to have a deep technical knowledge of BitCoin to understand the concepts presented here. History In 2009, thanks to the invention of BitCoin, a new for creating a virtual currency transactions without a central authority was created. This included two new elements that were the basis of BitCoin and therefore of all new virtual coins that have been created since then - BlockChain [1] [5] The block chain is the source of where the data is stored and all historical transactions are secure transactions by storing them in a Merkle Tree [2] [5] that prevents an operation can be carried out for duplicate or without the corresponding funds or double spent. - Mining [1] [3] [5] The mining process is unique and is the basis for the creation of the block chain and the generation of new currency. No mining there is no way to guarantee blocks consistency. Also, this provides gratification to BitCoin generating new currency. But although it is similar to a normal transaction, Bitcoin has some aspects that distinguish it from a traditional bank. Firstly account numbers correspond to a cryptographic key [4], so they are not easily usable, unless electronically, because they size is 25 bytes, stored between 26 and 35 characters Base 58. This means that if a person wants to make a transaction the account number is necessary Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 2/8 to be able to read electronically because manually is difficult to enter an account number without mistakes but provides mechanisms to detect errors because it contains a checksum To verify a transaction needs to mention the previous transaction from which income is able to spend. That is, it is not to look at the balance of a bank account transfer but upon ... and obviously see that this transfer has not been previously spent. Although the mechanism ensures perfect operation involves always have all historical transactions affecting BitCoin address, and consequently, a miner must have all historical transactions. Another very important aspect is the fact that if someone loses a key to operate your BitCoin, never be able to withdraw the funds you have in this address except generate the same private key. Although this may seem secondary certainly be destabilizing for currencies such as Bitcoin, because the majority of addresses that were generated in its first two years of life theoretically were created by the author the BitCoin, Satoshi Nakamoto have never been used. Certainly only the creator knows if they are lost or not. What would happen if suddenly is discovered today that can be used Most likely there would be a massive duation of its previous price due to ignorance of this factor or wrongly assuming that these BitCoins were lost. Also keep in mind that BitCoin only operates with elliptic curve cryptographic keys secp256k1 [4]. While today this key is considered safe, no guarantee that incoming years this key can be vulnerable and lose efficiency. The alternative proposed by PascalCoin PascalCoin proposes an alternative to the basic operation of Bitcoin, through which change several aspects for working on the new virtual currency PascalCoin operates with traditional numbered account like a Bank instead of doing it in directions that correspond to elliptic curve public key secp256k1 PascalCoin dont need to search transactions received for an account, but directly query its balance stored in a safe box and therefore does not need to have the historical transaction to work. The historic transactions stored within the chain block only serves to ensure that the safe box was not handled inappropriately. PascalCoin provides a standard way to include a concept of a transaction Payload [5] that only the intended recipient can read it. This is achieved because the public key is known for everybody and can be used to encrypt messages that only the owner of the private key can decrypt. PascalCoin provides a set by protocol to retrieve coins that are not used instead lost key. This only applies if after a certain time the owner does not make any operation with the account private key. The operations that can be pered not depend on programming language like BitCoin due they are fixed by the protocol. In version 1 of the protocol only supported the following Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 3/8 o Transaction from 1 to 1 o Change key to operate with an account o Recover money stored in an unoperative account lost key The possibility of creating new types of operations for new revisions protocol is open Upgrade o The way to know whether the miners will accept new versions of protocol is including protocol version upgrade proposal to chain blocks. Miners will choose its criteria to begin accepting this new protocol mined blocks, assuming the risk of creating orphan blocks [5]. Sample transfer In BitCoin to make a transaction must indicate target BitCoin address that can exist or not, for example Transaction from ABCDEF...XYZ to ZYX....CDBA amount X To make the transaction needs to have the private key of the address ordering the transaction, which is the same key that generates public address ABCDEF XYZ ... and also need to indicate the previous transaction received by this address that will be used to spend. No in-tx, no out In PascalCoin indicate the account number of the source and destination address, no keys, only numbers. Necessarily have to exist both your source and destination account number Transaction from 1234 to 4321 amount X To make the transaction PascalCoin also needs the private key of the 1234 address but in this case is not necessary to know previously transaction received at 1234 to be spend, only its current balance. Advantages of this The fact that the transaction does not indicate previously transaction implies that we dont need to look at the historical stored transaction, so is more quickly to check any operation because the balance is known and stored in each account, freeing disk space for miners. Another advantage is that you can use different types of private keys and not only the key secp256k1 used in Bitcoin, that improves safety The chain blocks and mining not only generates new currency but also generate account numbers with which they can operate. Because the public key is always known in Bitcoin not always, unless already carried out an operation to an address in PascalCoin can encrypt messages using public key target so that only the intended recipient can decrypt the message. So there will be more similarity between a traditional bank account number where each operation may have been a concept. Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 4/8 Disadvantages of this compared with BitCoin Because you can only operate with account numbers quantity is limited to the number of units produced, while in BitCoin address quantity is virtually unlimited. Each time you generate a new block to calculate a new output value for the next block will grow in size sequentially and a calculation for the new checksum is needed See Safe Box Hash. The calculation, although fast, is a negative factor as compared to BitCoin is a process that will become increasingly expensive. New item Safe Box In PascalCoin safe box is where you save amount of each address, and also includes elements to per operations there safely. Internally the Safe box is a set of blocks called AccountBlock, where each block has been generated through each block of the block chain. Each AccountBlock also contains account numbers generated plus a checksum to ensure integrity block has not been tampered with. One of the distinguishing features of the safe is incorporating a general checksum hash that guarantees the status of all accounts at a particular time. This value is known as Safe Box Hash and is used to undermine a new BlockChain and guarantees not to be tampered with the safe that was used for calculations. General operation of PascalCoin First block zero block At one zero point the Safe Box is empty and there is no account inside. Miners seek a new block for the BlockChain satisfying the condition of Proof-of-work [5] considering the Safe Box Hash is an initial fixed value hardcoded . Once created across the first account block, this creates N accounts each AccountBlock consists of N accounts. By modifying the safe will calculate the new Safe Box Hash to be used by the next block BlockChain. The number of account numbers of the safe box will always be equal to the quantity of mined blocks * N, where N corresponds to a constant defined by protocol. X Block While the miners seek a new block that meets the requirements of the proof of work, and taking as starting the Safe Box Hash of the block X-1, will receive operations that will be incorporated into Merkle Tree if they meet the requirements. In no case will look at the historical chain of blocks to check the veracity of an operation as it will only check if the balance / account status of the Safe Box corresponds to the requested operation. When receiving a valid operation that modifies the state of Merkle Tree operations and therefore the basis for calculating the Proof of Work. Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 5/8 Technical specifications of objects used by Pascal Coin Account Each account contains Name Type Description Account number Unsigned 32 bits Ordinal number for a single account. Value unchanged forever. Public EC Key Public Key type, X and Y Between 66 and 200 bytes The public key is the PIN of an account. This value can be changed at any time. Balance Unsigned 64 bits Account balance, calculated from the operations of the block chain Updated block Unsigned 32 bits Number of the last block of the block chain that has operated this account. This value let you know when an account has been inoperative in order to rescue its balance N Operation Unsigned 32 bits Incremental value that indicates how many transactions were made with this account and ensures that orders of operations are unique and not duplicable Block Account The account numbers are grouped in blocks Block Account, where each block is generated every time a miner creates a new block to the block chain with operations so that transs affected blocks. Protocol version will specify how many accounts are generated for each Block. The content of each Block Account is as follows Name Type Description Block number Unsigned 32 bits Block number that is equivalent to the Block Chain. This value is unchanged forever. Accounts Array of N Accounts Fixed Array size N with account numbers that are generated by this Block Timestamp Unsigned 32 bits Unix Timestamp when generated. This value is unchanged forever. Block Hash 32 bytes Hash value of this block. It changes every time the chain block change any of account included in this block account. This ensures the integrity of this block. Finally safe box contains a checksum that is the hash of all “Block Hash”. This value is known as Safe Box Hash The Block Chain The Block Chain is similar Bitcoin, but adding the calculation of the Safe Box Hash indicating the state it had safe box before applying the operations included in the Block Chain Merkle Tree. Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 6/8 The BlockChain contains the following fields Name Type Description Block number Unsigned 32 bits Block number generated by miners. correlative Account key Public Key type, X and Y Between 66 and 200 bytes Each of N Accounts generated will have this public key Reward Unsigned 64 bits Fee Unsigned 64 bits Protocol version Unsigned 16 bits Protocol version Protocol available Unsigned 16 bits Protocol number that can apply the miner owner of this block. Serves for future protocol upgrades Timestamp Unsigned 32 bits Unix Timestamp Compact target Unsigned 32 bits Nonce Unsigned 32 bits Old Safe Box Hash 32 bytes Value of Safe Box Hash from which operations are carried out under this block Operations Hash 32 bytes Merkle Tree Hash Proof of Work 32 bytes Protocol may include additional fields, like a Payload Pascal Coin White Paper v1.0 – July/2016 This document is a translation of original document written in Catalan, may include some errors © Albert Molina 2016 7/8 Security Guarantee Safe Box integrity To check the Safe Box is intact and correct must per the following operations For each Block Account calculate its Block Hash Finally calculate the Safe Box Hash, that is a hash of all the Block Hash The value of Safe Box Hash is unique to each Safe Box depending on the number of units they contain, so that you cannot manipulate. Because the BlockChain is generated with its initial Safe Box Hash, unique for each block chain Generation of Block Chain from previous Safe Box To ensure that no Safe Box manipulates, its Safe