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White paper Contributors Chris Trew, Guy Brandon and Nicolas Dorier Stratis Bitcoin Full Node Contributors Chris Trew and Guy Brandon Page 1 of20 Table of Contents Summary .......................................................................................................... 2 Blockchain a distributed ledger............................................................................ 3 What is the blockchain .................................................................................... 3 Bitcoin, blockchain 2.0 and the growth of distributed ledger technology .................. 4 Cloud computing ................................................................................................ 5 What is cloud computing ................................................................................. 5 What is the Stratis plat................................................................................ 6 Overview ........................................................................................................ 6 Architecture and development ........................................................................... 7 Architecture of the Stratis Bitcoin Full Node......................................................... 8 Stratis Bitcoin Full Node .................................................................................... 9 Stratis key features .......................................................................................... 10 Stratis Private chains ...................................................................................... 10 Stratis blockchain-as-a-service BaaS .............................................................. 11 Decentralised app hosting ............................................................................. 11 Bitcoin, Ethereum, LISK node provisioning ...................................................... 11 One-click deployment ................................................................................... 12 Fiat gateway integration .................................................................................. 12 Three-tier architecture .................................................................................... 13 Stratis consultancy ............................................................................................ 13 Blockchain consultancy .................................................................................... 13 Active development for the Bitcoin ecosystem .................................................... 14 Scalability ......................................................................................................... 15 Bitcoin compatibility ........................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 16 Case Studies ..................................................................................................... 17 Proof of Existence ........................................................................................... 17 Clearing and settlement ................................................................................... 17 Creating a private blockchain ........................................................................... 18 Fiat gateway .................................................................................................. 19 Blitz sidechain ................................................................................................ 19 References........................................................................................................ 20 Page 2 of20 Summary Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology DLT offers a radically different paradigm of storing and managing ination online. Decentralised ledgers lack the points of failure and associated security issues of traditional databases and top-down protocols, whilst at the same time posing their own unique challenges for effective deployment and maintenance. The advantages in terms of costs, transparency, immutability, security and confidence that are characteristic of blockchain solutions mean that financial businesses, government departments and other organisations are exploring applications of all kinds with a view to delivering services more profitably and efficiently. However, reliable deployment of a new blockchain fit for purpose entails extensive overheads in terms of network infrastructure, development, security and ongoing maintenance. Moreover, use of an existing blockchain such as Bitcoin comes with numerous problems for a mainstream business, not least because users have no control over blockchain features or future development. An attractive model for blockchain service provision exists in cloud computing. Cloud services may be tailored according to the needs of the organisation and infrastructure, plats and software provided as services via web interfaces - without businesses having to take on the maintenance of these themselves. Stratis will take a similar approach to blockchain deployment, enabling organisations to provision their own private blockchains, tailored to their precise needs but secured on the parent Stratis chain. This approach means there are few unnecessary overheads whilst allowing businesses to secure the benefits of a blockchain-based solution, developing services via powerful APIs and lite web-based clients. Page 3 of20 Blockchain a distributed ledger What is the blockchain A blockchain or distributed ledger is new way of storing and transferring ination. Centralised databases have been employed for many years by financial corporations and other organisations to store customer details and record transactions of one kind or another. These are carefully-guarded and closed systems in which only privileged operators are allowed to make entries. When a customer transfers money from one bank account to another, they make a request to the bank to do so on their behalf rather than engaging directly with the database that holds ination about balances. Centralisation is inherent in the paradigm. This carries certain implications. A centralised system is one that by definition has a point of failure. It is also one that implies a power differential because the privileged operators have the prerogative to intervene - for example, by unilaterally reversing a transaction or imposing new charges. The blockchain offers a radically different approach. The Bitcoin protocol,[1] launched in 2009, established for the first time the viability of transferring value on a peer-to-peer basis over the internet, without the need for a trusted intermediary. Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of Bitcoin, solved the ‘double spend’ problem the issue that digital ination can easily be copied, and therefore a centralised authority was previously required to reflect where funds were located. At its simplest, the blockchain is a digital record stored on a network of computers around the world. Instead of securing ination by restricting access, the blockchain shares ination amongst all users. Ownership of funds for example is cryptographically verified, and the full transparency and mutual ownership of the system means that a bad actor is immediately recognisable as such and any transactions ted by such a node are ignored. The decentralised structure of the blockchain brings several key features in contrast to traditional centralised approaches Transparency it is possible for anyone to track the movement of funds from one account to another. Immutability once confirmed, a transaction cannot be reversed. No one can interfere with a completed transfer. Low cost transaction fees are minimal. Cross-border funds can be sent as easily to someone on the other side of the world as they can to someone in the next room. Speed due to the flat and transparent nature of the blockchain, transfers show up almost instantly and are typically confirmed in minutes, rather than hours or days. Page 4 of20 Bitcoin, blockchain 2.0 and the growth of distributed ledger technology Although Bitcoin is very successful at transferring value and is an effective of decentralised money, from the outset it was recognised that the same approach could be used to record ination of almost any kind on the same shared basis. As well as cash, strings of characters on the blockchain could represent simple messages, ownership of physical or digital assets or securities, voting decisions, and so on. This broader application was developed by a number of ‘2.0’ plats including Nxt and BitShares, amongst others. To date, however, all of these have been relatively limited in one way or another, and lack suitability in their current s for adoption by real-world financial businesses. The rise of Bitcoin and similar protocols was accompanied by a rapid re-uation by governments, regulators and the financial services industry of the existing paradigms. Due to Bitcoin’s position outside of the control of state and financial authorities and its potential for misuse as a tool of fraud, money laundering and other illegal activity, as well as other concerns such as its volatility and the unregulated nature of the exchanges on which it traded, the first reactions tended to be scepticism and concern. However, an increasing number of actors have also recognised the potential of blockchain technology and the broad range of use cases to which the distributed ledger lends itself. A noticeable shift has occurred towards the end of 2015 and in 2016, with a series of national governments and major banks now actively undertaking research into distributed ledger technology DLT as a means of creating more effective money and delivering more efficient public services - not least the UK government[2], China, South Korea, Goldman Sachs and UBS, amongst others. Around 1 billion was invested in Bitcoin-related companies in 2015 alone.[3] The benefits of blockchain technology for companies and organisations of all sizes and types are becoming ever clearer. However, until now there have been few options for those who wish to deploy or use blockchain technology. They either have to invest the time and funds to create and maintain their own protocol from scratch, or use an existing open plat such as Bitcoin itself, with all the limitations and problems that entails. Case study Proof of ExistenceThe immutable and transparent nature of the blockchain lends itself to applications in which the existence of a file or document must be proved for a particular point in time. Blockchain solutions are already inally used as a kind of digital copyright. Users take a ‘hash’ – a cryptographic digest of a file that serves as a unique fingerprint – and upload it to the blockchain. Read More Page 5 of20 Cloud computing What is cloud computing Cloud computing refers to the practice of accessing data and IT resources via a remote provider, rather than relying solely on in-house hardware and software. In the internet era, businesses and individuals no longer need to purchase and maintain their own hardware, or even run their own software plats. Instead, these can be housed by third parties in dedicated data centres and accessed as and when required. The benefits of such an approach are extensive. It means that resources can be allocated and paid for according to need, rather than purchased inefficiently and in advance; economies of scale are inherent in cloud provision. This allows for far greater flexibility and control over budgets, as well as enabling companies to scale rapidly when required. Consequently, almost all of us now use cloud computing in some , particularly for email including popular webmail plats like Gmail and Yahoo and storage cloud drives such as AWS, OpenDrive, iCloud, Dropbox and so on. Although storage is one of the most popular applications of cloud computing, almost any IT resource an organisation needs can be provided in this way. Over and above Infrastructure-as-a-Service IaaS, which includes servers, storage and network provision, there is a growing move to meet all computing needs via the cloud. Plat-as-a-Service PaaS comprises the delivery of development tools and frameworks, databases and cution environments, whilst Software-as-a-Service SaaS allows applications to be run from the cloud. Page 6 of20 What is the Stratis plat Overview Stratis is a powerful and flexible blockchain Development Plat designed for the needs of real-world financial services businesses and other organisations that want to develop, test and deploy applications on the blockchain. Stratis blockchain apps can be developed in pure C and can also utilize the Microsoft .NET framework, while also taking advantage of the powerful Stratis APIs and framework. Stratis significantly simplifies the development process for creating Blockchain applications and accelerates the development lifecycle for blockchain development projects. Stratis private chains allow businesses to deploy their own customised blockchains without the overheads inherent in running their own blockchain network infrastructure. Stratis’s turnkey solution enables developers and businesses to create, test and deploy blockchain-based applications quickly and easily, all without the costs and security concerns that would otherwise arise from an in-house implementation. Stratis will be developing a Bitcoin full node in C utilising the trusted and proven architecture of Bitcoin. The Stratis Plat will then be built on top of this innovative C fully validating node tailored to Stratis’s own needs whilst also adding a broad range of powerful new features on top of it. In addition, Stratis will enable the deployment of customisable sidechains. Stratis will continue to maintain and further develop the Bitcoin version of the NStratis Full Node. The Stratis Bitcoin Full Node and the NStratis framework will be open source, so anyone can inspect it, clone/modify it and use it for their own purposes – contributing to a healthy ecosystem and the mutually beneficial sharing of ideas and development efforts. Page 7 of20 Architecture and development The Stratis plat will be built on the C Stratis Bitcoin Full node plat and framework. The Stratis Bitcoin Full node will be developed on top of the NBitcoin library,[6] a near-complete port of Bitcoin Core written in C and .NET by blockchain developer Nicolas Dorier. There will also be a C Wallet and full node version based on Bitcoin Core, though the majority of nodes on
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