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1 / 18 Achain Blockchain Whitepaper Build to be boundless Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Background and Commitment .......................................................................................... 3 1.1 The history of network development .......................................................................... 3 1.2 Why do we need blockchain ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Topics of unsolved problems ....................................................................................... 3 1.4 Why do we need Achain ............................................................................................ 4 2 Principle............................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Stability ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Safety ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Scalability .................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Easy-to-use .................................................................................................................. 6 3 Implementation ................................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Smart contract Proof of Stake POS, Delegated Proof of Stake DPOS and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance PBFT were proposed to refine its consensus algorithm; Zero-knowledge proof ZKP and mixed-coin tech were expected to enhance security. 1.2 Why do we need blockchain Do we really need the blockchain As an early participant and witness, Achain believes that this innovation has an irreversible impact and will not be short-lived. This is based on two reasons. First, we need real, valued ination, that can reduce cost of trust. Computers and the Internet make ination sharing cheaper and more convenient. With ination technology, we can optimize the value chain and improve the efficiency of collaboration. However, we are aware of the faster and easier spreading of hazardous ination and will prioritize the security over the cost of building a trusted network. Secondly, we need a network to connect the social consensus, our behavior, and value incentives. We have witnessed only little changes in our relations of production It is still a centralized, top-down, pyramid structure. The more complicated this structure gets and the more levels it generates, the more difficult it is to ensure efficiency. Blockchain integrates distributed storage, encryption technology, P2P network and other technologies. It has the technological advantages of decentralization and trustworthiness, which is known as the value network. Blockchain will more efficiently solve problems of trust between people and create a new production network -- a peer-to-peer value exchange. 1.3 Topics of unsolved problems Since its invention in 2008, Bitcoin has derived blockchain technology, and countless 4 / 18 technology enthusiasts have been contributing to the blockchain development. There have been the Ethereum, which serves as a decentralized plat, Bitcoin and Lite Coin, which focus on the development of digital currency, Factom, which provides filing of notarization, Zcash and Dash, which protect user privacy, Bitshare, which functions as a decentralized cryptocurrency exchange, and even Corda, R3CEV’s popular distributed bookkeeping plat. Despite the rapid development of the blockchain technology, there are still challenges ahead. 1 Security risks of smart contracts. Users might lose their digital assets during hacker attacks. 2 Difficulties of cooperations and interconnections of different blockchain plats of different fields of application. Although such ination interactions were already attempted, it is not sufficient to support the development of the whole blockchain ecosystem. 3 Difficulties of linking between the blockchain world and the non-blockchain based reality. Ideas cannot be easily put into application, such as tracking of commodity authentication. 4 At present, the blockchain industry still requires high technical qualifications, which leads to the high cost of large-scale business. 5 Low transaction perance compared to the centralized systems. 1.4 Why do we need Achain Achain prioritizes security, stability, extensibility. By introducing cutting-edge designs of virtual machines, smart sandbox, value exchange protocal, and forking mechanism, Achain creates an evolving, user-friendly, low-cost, and customizable blockchain network. The optimization of block interval, block volume and consensus algorithm also helps Achain reach a perance rate of up to 1000TPS. Achain believe that as the technological innovation creates a new production relation network, it will solve the problem of trust in interpersonal communications and organically integrate societal consensuses, individual behavior, and value exchange into an inseparable whole. 5 / 18 2 Principle 2.1 Stability Network stability is essential to the functioning of a blockchain solution. This is, however, increasingly challenged by potential uncertainties, given the plat’s decentralized nature and its ever-expanding number of applications. Achain, with its philosophy of modular design and simplification, developed LVM Lua Virtual Machine. The new VM, exclusively designated to smart contracts, offers two advantages. It has an upgraded perance rate powered by Lua language, effectively protecting against potential system coupling. And it also adopts a separately run and independently built structure to prevent the entire network quality from being affected by local hazards. 2.2 Safety PoW used to guard the security of the Bitcoin network, but due to the increasing mining demands and hashing force, a significant amount of power has gone into the hands of miners and mining pools, resulting in an unwanted centralized “central server“. If an entity controls 51 percent of the computing power, theoretically, it is possible to control the majority of Bitcoin transactions, which is known as DOS denial-of-service attack. Besides, high power consumption also generates a huge cost. Compared to the PoW model, the PoS Proof-of-Stake model aims for a higher level of security and a wider range of applications. PoS model contributes to the network security only when attracting enough holders for PoS mining. Based on PoS, DPoS was later released as an enhanced version; but Achain even invented a more commercial-friendly and universally-accepted version, the RDPoS consensus mechanism. When run just as securely as DPoS, RDPoS can increase the block response and improve the stability and security of the network. In addition, Achain proposed a smart sandbox mechanism. Any released contracts should be test-run in the smart sandbox in the first place to be automatically tested in case of health deteriorate or loopholes. The network determines by itself if the newly written contract qualifies to be uploaded to the Achain ecosystem. 2.3 Scalability Scalability is proposed to solve the problem of incompatibility of blocks in the blockchain. First of all, we believe that upgrading and forking are the effective ways of network evolution. After fork occurs, it will generate a main chain and a number of sub-chains. All chains are completely equivalent in structure, but each is given a different logo based on different community consensuses. Each sub-chain can be customized according to different applications by constructing 6 / 18 the VEP Value Exchange Protocol, which, like a gateway, allows ination sharing and value exchanges among chains This kind of collaboration s a multi-application network. Not only that, but the online data of non-blockchain based events will also be incorporated into the Achain ecosystem. It is supplemented with smart contracts to respond to events in the real world. 2.4 Easy
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