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The Golem Project Crowdfunding Whitepaper DRAFT v0.9 October 2016 Table of contents Overview of the Golem Project Grand vision and core features Golem as an Ecosystem Supply of Infrastructure Demand for Computing Resources Software Microservices The first use case CGI rendering Long term vision Golem as a building block of Web 3.0 Golem Network Token GNT Application Registry Transaction Framework Roadmap Brass Golem Clay Golem Stone Golem Iron Golem Future integrations Crowdfunding Crowdfunding summary Budget and levels of funding Golem Team Overview of the Golem Project Grand vision and core features ● Golemis thefirsttrulydecentralizedsupercomputer,creatinga globalmarketfor computingpower.Combinedwithflexibletoolsto aiddevelopersin securely distributingandmonetizingtheirsoftware,Golemaltogetherchangestheway computetasksareorganizedandcuted.Bypoweringdecentralizedmicroservices andasynchronoustaskcution,Golemissettobecomeakeybuildingblockfor futureInternetserviceprovidersandsoftwaredevelopment.And,bysubstantially loweringthepriceof computations,complexapplicationssuchasCGIrendering, scientific calculation, and machine learning become more accessible to everyone. ● Golemconnectscomputersin a peer-to-peernetwork,enablingbothapplication ownersandindividualusersrequestorsto rentresourcesof otherusers’ providersmachines.Theseresourcescanbeusedtocompletetasksrequiringany amountof computationtimeandcapacity.Today,suchresourcesaresuppliedby centralizedcloudproviderswhich,areconstrainedbyclosednetworks,proprietary paymentsystems,andhard-codedprovisioningoperations.AlsocoretoGolem’s built-infeaturesetisadedicatedEthereum-basedtransactionsystem,whichenables direct payments between requestors, providers, and software developers. ● ThefunctionofGolemasthebackboneofadecentralizedmarketforcomputingpower can be consideredboth Infrastructure-as-a-ServiceIaaS, as well as Plat-as-a-ServicePaaS.However,Golemrevealsitstruepotentialbyadding dedicatedsoftwareintegrationstotheequation.Anyinterestedpartyisfreetocreate anddeploysoftwaretotheGolemnetworkbypublishingittotheApplicationRegistry. TogetherwiththeTransactionFramework,developerscanalsoextendandcustomize the payment mechanism resulting in unique mechanisms for monetizing software. Golem as an Ecosystem Golemsbusinesscaseboilsdowntothefactthat,duetorelativelyrecenttechnological advances,themarketforcomputingresourcescanbeorganizedaccordingtoentirelynew principles.Incontrast,thecomputemarkettodayisdominatedbyheavyweightplayerssuch asAmazon,Google,MicrosoftandIBM,wholeveragetheirmarketpowerandassetstoensure heftymargins,resultingininefficientlypricedcomputeservices.Luckily,themarketisnot doomedtofunctionthiswayforever.WithGolemthesupplyofcomputingresourcesisbased on contributionsof individualandprofessionalproviders,combinedwithanarrayof dedicatedsoftwaresolutionsviaGolem’sApplicationRegistry–itselfoperatingonasingle and competitive market with nearly complete ination market. ScalingthecomputemarketenabledbyGolemrequiresonboardingthreegroupssuppliersof computingresourcesproviders,taskcreatorsrequestorswhotheirtaskstobe computedbythenetwork,andofcourse,softwaredevelopers.Thesethreegroupscomprise Golem’s unique, interdependent ecosystem. Group Golem features Incentive to participate Requestors Golem offers tools to cute compute-intensive tasks. Requestors get access to affordable and scalable solutions, which combine hardware and software. Providers Golem combines and utilizes almost any kind of existing computing hardware. Hardware providers get paid for renting out their hardware. Software Developers Golem is a flexible plat to deploy and monetize software. Software developers use Golem as a distribution channel, associated with access to hardware. Supply of Infrastructure Thesupplyofcomputingpowertothenetworkcomesfromproviders.Thiscouldbeanyone, fromanindividualuserrentingoutidleCPUcyclesofagamingPC,toalargedatacenter contributingtheirentirecapacity.ProvidershavetheincentivetojoinGolembecausethey receivepaymentsfromrequestorsforthecompletedtasks.Ofcourse,Golem’suserinterface willbeeasytouse,givingprovidersaclearwaytosetpricesanddecidewhatfractionoftheir own idle resources they are willing to rent out. Demand for Computing Resources In orderto rewardprovidersforcontributingtheirresources,Golemneedsto attract requestorsseekingadditionalcomputingresources.ThemarketGolemcreateswillbehighly competitiveduetonearlycompleteination,andtheeaseofdeployingtasksonany hardware.ThiswillnotonlymakeusingGolemsimple,whichwillattractrequestors-highly competitivesetupwillalsoincreaseefficiencyofthemarket,verylikelyresultinginmuch morecomprehensiveandadvantageouspricingcomparedtotheexistingcloudcomputing plats. Oneimportantfeatureis thatGolemsmarketplacewillenablerequestorsto become providersbecausemostofthemwillneedadditionalresourcesonlyoccasionally.Theywill beabletorentouttheirownhardwareandearnextrafees.Inaddition,financialaspectsare notgoingtobethesoleincentivetouseGolemoneofitskeyfeatureswillbetheavailability of diverse software running on the Golem network, accessible from the Application Registry. Software Microservices AlthoughsomeinitialusecasessuchasCGIrenderingaregoingtobedevelopedand implementedbytheGolemteam,itisofcourseessentialtoengageothersoftwaredevelopers tocomeupwiththeirownideasforGolemapplications.Thenumberandqualityofsuch applicationsis oneof thekeyfactorsin Golem’sfuturesuccess.Forthisreason,the ApplicationRegistryandTransactionFrameworkareamongthemostimportantfeaturesof theentireecosystem,andwillbefrontandcentralto thedevelopmentprocess.Once introduced,theywillprovidedeveloperswithflexibleandefficienttoolstodeploy,distribute, andmonetizesoftwarerunningon Golem.Thisis goingto bea perfectsolutionfor microservicesandsomeoftheforthcomingdecentralizedapplicationsDApps,butcouldalso become an interesting way to distribute existing proprietary and open source software. The first use case CGI rendering Golem Alpha release CGI rendering using Blender It is public, follow the link to test Golem. CGI rendering is the first and very illustrative case of real Golem usage. Rather than using costly cloud-based services or waiting ages for ones own machine to complete the task, CGI artists can now rent compute resources from other users to render an image quickly. The payment from a requestor in this case, a CGI artist is sent directly to providers who made their resources available. In addition, when the artists machine is idle, it can itself accept tasks from other users. Long term vision Golem as a building block of Web 3.0 WebelievethatthefutureInternetwillbeatrulydecentralizednetwork,enablingusersto securelyanddirectlyexchangecontent,withoutsharingit withcorporationsor other middlemen.Accordingly,Golemwillbeusednotonlytocomputespecifictasks,butalsoto bulk-rentmachinesinordertoperoperationswithina self-organizingnetwork.Of course,thiswillrequirethesimultaneousdevelopmentofothertechnologies,manyofwhich have gained significant traction in recent years. Betterdata-sharingtechnologiesare necessary,buttakingintoaccounttheongoing developmentofIPFS/FilecoinandSwarm,theappropriatesolutionsseemtobewithinreach. Eventually,theEthereumnetworkwillbecomemorescalable,moreefficient,andincludea fullyfunctionalnetworkof micropaymentchannels.Oncethesetechnologiesbecome available,itiseasytoimagineGolemprimarilyasaplaticroservices,allowingusers torunbothsmalle.g.anote-takingappandlargee.g.astreamingserviceapplicationsina completelydecentralizedway.Althoughambitious,thisvisionseemstobetheultimate argument for Golem’s long-term potential. Golem Network Token GNT TheGolemNetworkTokenGNTaccountisacorecomponentofGolemandisdesignedto ensureflexibilityandcontroloverthefutureevolutionoftheproject.GNTiscreatedduring thecrowdfundingperioddescribedinthiswhitepaperand,followingthefirstmajorrelease of Golem, GNT will be attributed a variety of functions in the Golem network. ● Paymentsfromrequestorstoprovidersforresourceusage,andremunerationfor software developers is going to be exclusively conducted in GNT. ● OncetheApplicationRegistryandTransactionFrameworkareimplemented,GNTwill benecessaryforotherinteractionswithGolem,suchastingdepositsby providersandsoftwaredevelopersor participationin theprocessof software validation and certification as described in the Application Registry section. ● ThegeneralconditionsforusingGNTwillbesetintheTransactionFramework,but specificparametersof theseinteractionswillbepossibleto definewithineach software integration. ThesupplyofGNTwillbelimitedtothepooloftokenscreatedduringcrowdfunding period. Creation of the GNT and initial GNT account functionalities ● TheGolemNetworkTokenisa tokenonEthereumplat.Itsdesignfollows widelyadoptedtokenimplementationstandards.Thismakesit easytomanage using existing solutions including Ethereum Wallet. ● Maximum number of tokens created during crowdfunding period ○ Total 1 000 000 000 100 ○ Crowdfunding participants 820 000 000 82 ○ Golem Team 60 000 000 6 ○ Golem Factory GmbH 120 000 000 12 ● Sending 1 ether to the GNT account will create 1 000 GNT ● No token creation, minting or mining after the crowdfunding period. ● Tokens will be transferable once the crowdfunding is successfully completed. Go to the crowdfunding section to learn the details and see how to support the Golem Project via crowdfunding. Application Registry TheApplicationRegistryisanEthereumsmartcontract,towhichanyonecanpublishtheir ownapplicationsthatarereadytorunonGolemnetwork.ThegoaloftheApplicationRegistry is to ● Givedevelopersa waytopublishtheirintegrationsandreachouttousersina decentralized manner; ● Give requestors a place to look for specific tools fitting their needs; ● Give providers full control over the code they run because of the security concerns. SincetheGolemnetworkisfullydecentralized,wealsowanttheApplicationRegistrytobe driven by the community. Golemallowsrequestorstocutethecodeofanapplicationonsomeoneelsescomputer. Thiscodeissandboxedandcutedwiththeminimalrequiredprivileges.Butsoftwarebugs areeverywhere,andonceinawhilepeopledefeatsandboxes,managetocutemalicious codeonahostmachine,andsometimeseventakeitover.That’swhywecantrelyonlyon sandboxing.Wecouldtrytoautomaticallyuatewhetherornotthecodeissafe,butthisis literallyimpossiblevidehaltingproblem.Theprocessofcodereviewandvalidationcannot befullyautomatedandlefttotheautonomousnetwork.Ontheotherhand,itisimpossibleto assume that no one will ever publish malicious software to run on top of Golem network. WesolvetheseproblemsbysplittingApplicationRegistryusersintothreecategories authors,validatorsandproviders.Authorspublishapplications,validatorsreviewandcertify applicationsassafeandtrustworthybyaddingthemtotheirownwhitelist.Validatorsmay alsomarkapplicationsasmaliciousbyaddingthemtotheirownblacklists.Providersarealso giventherighttochoosewhomtotrustbyselectingvalidatorswhoselistsareusedbythe particularinstanceofGolemrunningontheirnodes.Apartfromthat,providersmaymaintain theirownwhitelistsorblacklists.Thisgiveseachprovidera lotofflexibilityindeciding exactlywhatsoftwaretorun,andwhatamountofworktoputintosoftwarecuration.Whatis more,thissystemdoesnotexcludeanyparty,andthereisalwaysroomfornewvalidatorsto emerge. BydefaultGolemrunsusingawhitelistoftrustedapplications.Sinceanemptywhitelistisa problemforsomeonejusttryingGolemoutforthefirsttime,wewilladdanumberofverified entriestothewhitelistasapartoftheinitialdistribution.Aprovidercantakeadvantageof thismechanism,managingherownwhitelist,orsimplyusingwhitelistsofvalidatorsshe trusts. Ontheotherhand,a providerrunninga computingfarmmaywishtorelyentirelyon blacklists.Thisisanoptiontailoredforadministratorsofdedicatedmachines,whowantto maximizetheirprofitsandwhoarewillingtoridethebleeding-edge.Inthisscenario,a blacklistisusedtobanishanyknowntroublemakingapplications.Again,theprovidercan maintain her own blacklist, or use the blacklists of validators she trusts. Transaction Framework Whencreatingsomethingnewandexciting,it’shardif notimpossibletopredictallthe opportunitieswhichthenewartifactwillsuddenlymakepossible.Golemisageneralized globalsupercomputer,andas such,it willnodoubtfinditsnichewithvastlyvaried applications.Theymightneedverydiverseremunerationmodels.Wearenotabletodesigna one-size-fits-allpaymentsystemforGolem,norwillweattempttoforceoneuponapplication authors. WhenadeveloperintegratesherapplicationwithGolem,shehasthefreedomtodecidewhich transactionmodelsheimplements,aslongasit is compliantwithGolemsTransaction Framework.TheTransactionFrameworkwilltaketheofasetofrequirementstofollow; basic requirements may include ● Entry in the Application Registry; ● Use of open source and/or deterministic environment, such as EVM; ● Community approval or rating of transaction model; ● Use of GNT for remunerating software and resource providers. WearebuildingthetransactionframeworkontopofEthereum.Ethereumgivesusexpressive power,whichismuch-neededwhenimplementingadvanced,trustlessschemes.Thisincludes componentswhichareextremelydifficulttodowellinP2Pnetworks,suchasuating reputation. Example transaction framework components ● Diverse payout schemes such as nanopayments, batching ● Off-chain payment channels ● Custom receipts ● Payment to software developer ● Per-unit use of software per-node
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