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Briefing Paper Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 October 2019World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel. 41 022 869 1212 Fax 41 022 786 2744 Email contactweforum.org www.weforum.org © 2019 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any ination storage and retri system.3 Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 cutive summary Chapter 1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution – Evolution of the creative economy 1.1 Welcoming the Fourth Industrial Revolution 1.2 Industry 4.0 and opportunities for the creative economy 1.3 Navigating the creative economy 4.0 Chapter 2 Agile governance in the creative economy 2.1 Introducing agile governance 2.2 Models of agile governance Chapter 3 Creative economy 4.0 case study – The video-on-demand industry 3.1 Creative economy 4.0 in Asia 3.2 Local plats to support creative economies and societies 3.3 Traditional regulatory frameworks in the new technological environment Chapter 4 The case for an agile governance approach 4.1 Practical difficulties 4.2 Areas of mutual interest 4.3 Proactive solutions 4.4 Towards a regional approach Conclusion Agile governance as a policy framework for the creative economy 4.0 Endnotes 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 Contents4 Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 cutive summary The World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a hub for global, multistakeholder cooperation to develop policy frameworks and advance collaboration that accelerate the benefits and minimize the risks of emerging technologies. The network is an international and impartial plat that aims to advance human-centric innovations and help societies be better prepared to deal with the challenges and opportunities brought about by rapid and uneven Fourth Industrial Revolution technological deployment. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transing creative economies across Asia. These economic systems of activity that originate in individual creativity, skill and talent and that can create wealth are generating greater consumer benefits, new models of cross-border content distribution, and refreshed opportunities for local content production and economic development. In this pivotal moment of transation, it is important to examine how regulators can foster a thriving environment for creative economies in the digital era, and how regulation can enable their true potential and economic development. Rather than applying traditional regulatory approaches, creative economies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution can flourish if guided by agile governance – a more adaptive, human-centred and sustainable policy approach. Defined by the World Economic Forum, agile governance calls for a multistakeholder effort, in which the public and private sectors collaborate to develop forward-thinking solutions to encourage industry growth, while addressing the concerns of a fast-paced digital world. 1 Research for this Briefing Paper found that agile governance is best suited for industry environments in which 1 governments encounter practical difficulties in employing traditional regulatory mechanisms; 2 clear areas of mutual understanding exist between the public and private sectors, fostering collaboration; and 3 the industry is capable of and proactive in finding solutions to address regulatory concerns. In its focus on the creative economy, this paper puts a spotlight on the emerging video-on-demand VOD industry, which is already moving in the direction of an agile governance approach. The nature of this dynamic industry, its technical capabilities and its commitment to developing human-centred and society-oriented solutions make it a suitable case study to examine the value that agile governance models can bring in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This Briefing Paper examines agile policy development approaches that can help countries in the ASEAN region and beyond unleash the full potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for their creative economies. The World Economic Forum is holding multistakeholder consultations to further develop and refine the key concepts presented in this paper, including at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions, which will take place on 1-3 July 2019, in Dalian, People’s Republic of China.5 Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 Chapter 1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution – Evolution of the creative economy 1.1 Welcoming the Fourth Industrial Revolution Throughout the history of human civilization, breakthrough emerging technologies have brought about periods of significant, nonlinear and disruptive change that have profoundly altered economic systems and social structures. 2From the rise of steam power, railways and machines that characterized the First Industrial Revolution, to the ascent of electricity, assembly lines and mass production, and later semiconductors, computers and the internet, humankind has seen multiple cycles of industrial revolution. Each cycle has brought about fundamental shifts and uncertainty, while generating significant benefits to economies and societies. Today’s Fourth Industrial Revolution is powered by the convergence of numerous innovations in the physical, biological and digital realms. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is swiftly transing the way individuals and communities live, work and interact. Just a few years ago, the idea of hailing a ride through a mobile app was inconceivable. Today, it is an integral part of many consumers’ lives and, with the advent of artificial intelligence and 5G technology, the conversation has already shifted to automated and integrated mobility solutions. Digital technologies are revolutionary due to the speed, breadth and depth of the changes they bring. These changes are hard to predict and complex to govern, yet they may hold solutions to some of the most critical issues society faces today. The institutions that have traditionally been held responsible for shaping the societal impacts of technologies, including governments, companies and civil society organizations, have the massive task of keeping up with the rapid change and exponential impact of the new technologies. In this new environment, novel principles, protocols, rules and policies are needed to accelerate these technologies’ positive and inclusive effects, while effectively minimizing their negative externalities. 3 1.2 Industry 4.0 and opportunities for the creative economy The creative economy is broadly defined as an economic system comprising areas of activity originating in individual creativity, skill and talent that offer cultural significance and have the potential for wealth creation through the generation of intellectual property. 4It encompasses creative endeavours in the fields of music, film and television, gaming, advertising, publishing and literature, as well as architecture, design, art and fashion. Among the most dynamic sectors of the global economy, creative industries not only create jobs and economic opportunities along their end-to-end value chain, but also hold broader social and cultural significance. Creative industries offer countries and regions powerful ways to cultivate and share their unique cultural identities with the rest of the world. For example, Japan’s vibrant animation, comics and gaming subculture has earned itself an international reputation as a creative leader. The convergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution with the creative economy is transing how content is being created, distributed and consumed. As the key growth driver of the global economy, technology will increasingly digitize products and services. This presents new market opportunities as well as reinvigorates traditional industries with new efficiency and productivity gains. Essentially, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is bringing about three paradigm shifts in the creative economy Lower barriers to entry for businesses Traditional creative content, such as music, film, television and literature, is being digitally produced, distributed and stored. The digital ats have made the production of creative content more affordable for its creators, enabling them to expand and invest more easily due to the lowered marginal costs. Businesses are also more engaged in the customer experience, with specific consumer insights available through advances in artificial intelligence and machine- learning-based data analytics. Cross-border opportunities for distribution The borderless nature of the internet makes it easier for creatives and businesses to tap into a wider range of customers without the geographical or financial constraints of the past. Businesses are able to seek work beyond the shores of their country of origin. For example, advances in cloud- based applications allow a Thai content marketing agency to be contracted easily by foreign clients for work outside the market. As consumers around the world access digital creative goods and services internationally, the exposure, demand and impact of the creative work grow by the day. Consumer benefits Emerging technologies provide consumers with increased choice, convenience and affordability. Today, a consumer in almost any part of the world can connect to the internet and listen to music or watch a TV series on a mobile device without needing a radio or television. Technology also enables better safeguards in response to consumer concerns, such as maturity ratings, parental controls and fraud alerts.6 Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 These fundamental shifts allow enterprises to reimagine the business models of the creative economy, and create new entrants and new economic opportunities. Everyday examples are already abundant, such as films and TV series on demand, electronic books, music subscription services, digital art mobile apps, AI-generated arts and news, to name a few. Traditional incumbents need to embrace and adapt to these changes and re-energize their industries or they risk being outpaced by nimbler, more savvy competition. Industries experiencing increasing digitization become more competitive in their region and potentially around the world if that digitization is honed in the right way. This is particularly appealing for developing markets. As Joko Widodo, President of Indonesia and Founder of the Indonesian Creative Economy Agency BEKRAF commented at the first World Conference on the Creative Economy in 2018, “If we try to compete with Germany and China in high tech industries, we’ll lose. But in Creative Economy, the odds are in our favour” 5 1.3 Navigating the creative economy 4.0 The paradigm shifts enabled by the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the creative economy have also resulted in two core challenges, which require new governance models for long-term sustainable development Fast-changing consumer demands The growing adoption of mobile internet and connected devices in cities means that consumers are always online. They are consuming diverse content from all over the world throughout the day, on multiple devices. Their demand for quality, instant and relevant content is greater than ever before. The creative industry ecosystem is under pressure to meet these demands. The open access to content can also raise concerns about shifting societal values in a rapidly changing cultural environment. Disruptive business environments Innovative business models founded on location-based, personalized and on-demand creative content consumption are redefining the industry. Predictive and targeted services based on data and analytics are reshaping the value chain among content owners, plats and consumers. Businesses are also identifying new revenue streams based on the data insights. Traditional players can fall behind in developing and deploying new digital features but are also further encumbered by traditional regulation that is increasingly out of sync with the needs of this evolving environment. This is already happening in more mature markets, such as the financial sector, 6and will begin to more visibly affect the creative economy. Given the complex implications – both positive and negative – that the creative economy 4.0 brings to local jurisdictions, the challenges for governments to navigate the creative economy are clear. What is also clear is the need for a different regulatory approach. Applying the traditional approaches to new industry in the digital era, while well- intentioned, can hamper innovation and growth. It can also exacerbate concerns around piracy, copyright, data protection and intellectual property protection. The dynamics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the myriad challenges and opportunities for the creative economy, suggest that governance can be enhanced through a multistakeholder effort. To unlock the rightful potential of the global creative economy, the need is greater for different stakeholders in the ecosystem to collaborate and jointly design modern approaches to more nimbly anticipate and respond to new technologies and build mutual trust. Industry players are already working alongside public officials to provide expertise on the technologies they are developing, their applications and the potential consequences. They are increasingly finding solutions – developing protocols, certification schemes and standards. Although these solutions are just the start, they highlight the power of agile governance in the creative economy 4.0.7 Agile Governance for Creative Economy 4.0 2.1 Introducing agile governance The concept of agile governance aims to shift the manner in which policies are generated, deliberated, enacted and enforced in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The term “agile governance” itself sets the expectation that governance can and should be more agile to keep pace with the rapid changes of society, driven significantly by the development and deployment of emerging technologies. In agile governance, governments remain central actors in policy development and enforcement. They define the parameters of governance protocols for technological innovations, thereby identifying the outcomes to attain as a collective endeavour. However, only through closer collaboration with innovators and the private sector can policy-makers move closer towards agility. This close collaboration will allow the public and private sectors to leverage their complementary capabilities to co-design governance frameworks and policy best suited to the digital revolution. What are conditions best suited for an agile approach The broad conditions are threefold. Chapter 2 Agile governance in the creative economy Conditions that call for an agile approach Practical difficulties in employing traditional regulatory approaches e.g. vol
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